For optimization autumn sugarbeet irrigation WATER, an experiment was conducted at Safi-Abad Agricultural Research center in the years 2010 and 2011 with silty clay loam soil.The experiment was arranged in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Tape irrigation levels (25, 50, 75, 100 and 125% of WATER requirement with T25, T50, T75, T100 and T125 respectively) and furrow irrigation was conducted. Production, cost and WATER function and THRESHOLDS INDEXES basis of irrigation depth was compared and computed. Although full rrigation in field experiment (T100 treatment) and maximizing level of applied WATER index (Wm) had maximum yield, T100 treatment had not significant difference with T75 and T50 treatments. On the other hand irrigation WATER application depth in WATER limited condition (Ww) was almost equal to minimum rate of WATER application, T25 treatment. Although Ww index had not maximum net benefit per unit of irrigation WATER, caused to decrease 43 percent CONSUMED WATER and 21 percent of root yield and caused to increase sugare content and decrease irrigation costs. The results showed that in a view economic deficit irrigation in North of Khouzestan climatic conditions was applicable.

Space is a multidimensional, boundless realm in which the relative position of phenomena is reflected. During the last few decades, the WATER level of Lake Urmia has decreased drastically. Lake Urmia, as a geographical device and a complex system, has been affected by natural and anthropogenic factors, as visible and hidden layers. In order to check the WATER storage threshold of dams in reducing the WATER level of Lake Urmia, we first prepared the desired data bank: DEM of the basin, data from climatology stations, discharge of hydrometric stations and dam information. We estimated the linear relationships between altitude and Temperature and precipitation and altitude in SPSS software. Considering climatology stations and dams as output points, we extracted several sub-basins. We estimated the volume of WATER inflow into the basins without a hydrometric station using Justin's method, We also analyzed the percentage of annual discharge compared to annual precipitation and changes in the WATER storage volume of dams. The results indicate that the reservoir volume of 46 dams in 12 sub-basins (1628. 68 million cubic meters) accounts for about 21% of the total volume of basin runoff, This number was 13% until 1996 and reached 21. 8% in 2013. In 1970, with the construction of the Mahabad dam with a reservoir volume of 197. 8 million cubic meters, the reservoir volume of the dams exceeded the environmental threshold, it caused the lake's WATER level to decrease irreversibly. Examining the volume of the dam reservoir according to the volume of WATER intake and the volume of rainfall in the basins of the dams shows that out of the 41 dams, the reservoirs of 28 dams are built according to the rainfall potential of the basin. The ratio of reservoir volume to rainfall volume of 33 dams has very favorable conditions, and 6 dams have favorable conditions.

Background: Phthalates are main ingredients of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles used for storage of WATER. These compounds can cause adverse effects on human health. The purpose of this study was the quantification of the amounts of phthalates migrated in bottled WATER as well as the risk assessment of those compounds. Methods: This cross sectional study was performed on 15 PET bottled WATER samples of popular brands distributed in Isfahan city, Iran. The samples were immediately sent to laboratory for analysis. Amounts of Phthalic Anhydride (PA), di-2 ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), di-buthyl phthalate (DBP), di-ethyl phthalate (DEP), and terphthalic acid (TPA) in bottled WATER samples were measured using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Risk assessment of migrated compounds were calculated and compared with Hazard Quito (HQ) standards. Results: The ranges of PA, DEHP, DBP, and TPA were 2. 3-26, 171-845, 30-2251, and 24-657 ppb, respectively. DEP was not found in none of the analyzed samples. HQ levels of DEHP, TPA, and DBP were more than 1 in bottled WATER. Conclusion: In the current study, the concentration of DEHP, TPA, and DBP in some bottled WATER of Isfahan, Iran were higher than the permitted limits. Also, HQ levels of these three migrated compounds were more than 1 in bottled WATER that is alarming for public health in this region of Iran.

The first few paragraphs of a novel, or any other masterpiece, form one of the key elements of the text: the decisive threshold by which the reader enters the imaginary world and the author passes between silence and discourse. French critics use the term "incipit" to refer to this part and study it from different points of view. After briefly looking at the evolution of this term and putting forward a relevant Persian equivalent, this paper insists on the particular importance of "the First Part of a Text". The paper then recalls its particular roles and how to determine its limits, as well as analyzing concepts such as "Essential Principles of Imaginary World", "Para- Textual Elements" and "Reading Contracts". It should be noted that some examples of Persian novels and short stories will be cited while explaining the above topics and analyzing the said concepts in order to facilitate understanding and grasp of the subject matter.

The main objective of this project was to measure WATER consumption of silage maize under farm management. Thus, the volume of WATER CONSUMED for silage maize in Behbahan was measured in sprinkler and surface irrigation systems and various WATER resources during one growing season (2016-2017). The measured values of the net WATER requirement were estimated by the Penman-Monteith method and also compared with the national document values. The average yield in surface and sprinkler irrigation systems was 58329 kg ha-1. WATER productivity varied from 3. 91 to 13. 71 kg per cubic meter in all fields. The average of application efficiency in sprinkler irrigation systems was 73. 3%. The average amount of WATER CONSUMED by silage maize in surface irrigation farms was 9778 and in farms irrigated by sprinkler systems was 6991 cubic meters per hectare. Comparison of the average of net WATER requirement calculated by the Penmann-Montieth and those obtained from the national WATER document using the T-test showed a significant difference being 440 and 582 mm, respectively. Comparison of the Pearson correlation coefficients showed that the trend of changes in WATER productivity with trend of changes in maize yield was significant at 5% level. Obviously, by increasing the application efficiency, WATER productivity was increased.

Determination the WATER consumption and WATER productivity of different products can be a great help to the decision-making of WATER and agriculture officials. Therefore, the present study was conducted to measure WATER consumption and the yield of bean at 25 fields managed by farmers in Azna, Aligudarz and Selseleh counties in Lorestan province. Thus, the volume of WATER CONSUMED for bean were measured in the selected fields with different irrigation methods and various WATER sources without interfering with their irrigation scheduling during the growing season. The amount of WATER consumption under different irrigation systems varied from 8669 to 19312 m3. ha-1. The average of WATER consumption and WATER productivity in sprinkler and surface irrigation systems were 9735, 16161 m3. ha-1 and 0. 33 and 0. 16 kg. m-3, respectively. Therefore, it can be said that sprinkler irrigation compare to surface irrigation system increased the WATER productivity and reduced WATER consumption about 106 and 39. 8 percent, respectively. The average of irrigation efficiency in both sprinkler and surface irrigation systems determined about 67. 5% and 35. 7%, respectively. The results of comparing the average volume of WATER consumption, WATER productivity and irrigation efficiency with t-test showed a significant difference between sprinkler and surface irrigation systems. Comparison of average WATER requirement by using t-test showed that the average computational WATER requirement differs significantly from the national average WATER document by 6720 and 6994 m3. ha-1, respectively. Investigation of correlation coefficients showed indirect changes in WATER consumption with irrigation efficiency and WATER productivity. However, the relationship between irrigation efficiency and crop yield has been consistent and positive with WATER productivity.

There are different mathematic methods to analysis and interpretation of WATER quality characters but WATER quality index is simple method and have several application. For investigation of WATER quality of Atrak river in golestan province, 6 stations for measuring of WATER quality in this river considered and measuring the WATER quality parameters has done in 3 times. Classification of WATER quality of this river has studied by NSFWQI, BCWQI index and said simple management methods. The INDEXES show that except Ghazanghaye station that has good condition of WATER quality, the other stations have average conditions. The NSFWQI Index result show that most of stations have suitable condition and base on Said method, trivial management changing is necessary. Thus results of this two methods are alike but the result of BCWQI Index method that show from suitable to bad conditions, is stuffy.

Due to the lake of WATER resources, rivers are known as the most important sources of WATER supply for various purposes. Gamasiab River is one of the largest sources of WATER supply for drinking, agriculture and industry in Kermanshah, Iran. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the WATER quality of Gamasiab River using different indicators. For this purpose 15 stations along the Gamasiab River in 2018 were selected. Different parameters of nitrate, sulfate, phosphate, potassium, sodium, electrical conductivity, pH and total dissolved solids were measured in spring and summer. The results of the WQI index were calculated using the WHO global standard. Due to the results, WQI index in the spring and summer have been estimated 9/16 and 3/16, which were less than WHO standard and placed in the highest category of drinking WATER quality. Assessing WAWQI index indicated high Quality of WATER in the spring season for drinking, irrigation and industry (21.29), Also, the results of the WAWQI index categorized Gamasiab River in good level for drinking, irrigation and industry (27.09). According to the results of the NPI index in the spring season with a value of -0.91 and in the summer season with a numerical value of -0.9, the WATER of the Gamasiab River is in the clean and unpolluted category in terms of nitrates. The results of Wilcox's classification for electrical conductivity in different stations showed that in spring and summer in all stations, WATER salinity is average and its quality is good.

In the agricultural sector, groundWATER is being polluted through influx of a part of nitrogen from Nitrogen fertilizers. WATER contamination threatens villagers' health, because they provide their drinking WATER from wells nearby farms. In this paper contingent evaluation method has been employed to estimate WATER quality changes, as reflected by 310 respondents from some fore cities of: Rasht, Bandar anzali, Langrood and Astaneh ashrafieh from Gilan Province .The number of sample was assessed by use of purposely method and classified multistage. Results indicate that 54% of farmers support financial participation to improve WATER quality. With WATER contamination decline, the expected value of Willingness To Pay (WTP) is estimated to be 394069 and 437855 rials per family and per hectare. Also the average Willingness To Accept (WTA) are 13202501 and 13276136 rials per family and per hectare. Income classes and education specify the maximum and the minimum values of WATER quality changes, respectively.According to the results, balance between WATER quality conservation and durable economical production, will be achieved by implementing subsidiary support policies, changing distribution policies of nitrogen fertilizers to policies that improve livelihood of farmers, and as well, decrease WATER contamination from other incoming pollutants. JEL Classification: Q25, Q51, Q53.

Background and Objective: Rivers are a small part of the world's running WATER and one of the main sources of WATER supply for various uses, including agriculture, drinking and industry. In this study, in order to investigate the quality status of part of the WATER of Shavar River located in Khuzestan province using WATER quality indicators 4 (NSFWQI), 5 (IRWQI) and (BCWQI) 6 in the study period from Hamzeh village to Shavar dam. Material and Methodology: Sampling of 5 selected stations along the river route was performed during six periods of winter of 1994 and spring of 1995 and after transferring the samples to the laboratory, the values of quality parameters to calculate WATER quality indicators including: BOD5, COD, dissolved oxygen, nitrate and other qualitative parameters were determined by standard methods. Findings: According to the NSFWQI calculation results, for all stations during the sampling periods are between 40-36 and indicate poor WATER quality. Also, the index calculation results (IRWQI) for all stations during the sampling periods are between the values of 46-43 and indicate relatively poor WATER quality. For the index (BCWQI) for all stations during the sampling period is between the values of 27-39 and indicates the appropriate quality for agricultural use. Discussion and Conclusion: River WATER quality in all sampling periods is at a low quality level that WATER use is only suitable for agricultural purposes. Also, the inflow of drainage from agricultural fields containing chemical fertilizers, domestic wasteWATER is one of the main reasons for the decline in WATER quality. In determining river WATER quality, the index (IRWQI) is better than other indicators in Iran.