The knowledge related to the methodology of the field TRIAL study as a type of intervention studies, yet for many of our researchers is not fully understood. The aim of the current study was a better understanding of conducting this type of research. Field TRIAL studies are done on healthy individuals and aim to prevent. These types of studies such as clinical TRIALs are performed on both individual and collective levels. One type of these studies is Community Intervention TRIAL which is usually done on a large scale population. Field TRIAL study should be carried out in stages, such as the formulation of hypotheses, selection of the population (reference population, study population, and sampling), measuring the baseline variables (before conducting preventive intervention), random allocation of subjects to intervention and control groups, doing interventions and measuring outcome. The methodology of field TRIAL studies is very similar to clinical TRIALs. The difference is that field TRIALs are conducted on healthy individuals and aim to prevent and also the sample size required to this type of study is relatively more, and these studies are usually time consuming and costly.

Background and Aim: It is of special importance to consider disinfection principles for next use or all types of reusable TRIAL contact lenses; in order to prevent of transferring infectious agents from one patient to another. The aim of this research was to study the rate of observing disinfecting principles forreusable color contact lens TRIAL sets by the practitioners in the optometry and ophthalmology offices and private eye clinics in Tehran.Materials and Methods: In this observational cross-sectional study, 42 eye centers ( including 3 private eye clinics, 14 ophthalmology offices and 25 optometry offices) in Tehran using reusable color contact lens TRIAL sets to present color contact lenses were checked. Samplings were made randomly from the surface of color contact lenses TRIAL set (totally 65 samples obtained). Samples were cultured in standard laboratory conditions and the data were analyzed statistically for “Ratio Comparison Test”; using SPSS software (version 19).Results: In some samples, one type and in some others two types of microorganisms were grown concurrently. In 81.5% of the samples, the bacterial contamination including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Proteus, Diphtheroids, and Macrococcus was observed and in 18.5% of the samples, no bacterial contamination was found.Conclusion: Based on the findings, it seems that the present method in using reusable color contact lens TRIAL sets may not be a suitable method.

Adverse economic, social and cultural effects of smuggling along with specialized and complex discovery and proof of its realization, prevention of smuggling and deal effectively with perpetrators of acts with fast and sure punishment, quickly replacing the lost rights of the state treasury and at the same time, protection of investors and contributing economic prosperity in the country are the most important requirements for special rules for dealing with cases of smuggling. In this regard one-way vision and overcoming the repressive approach; prevents the realization of the principles and guarantees of fair TRIAL, including the presumption of innocence, the principle of access to justice, the principle of equality of arms, the principle of independence and impartiality of courts and exercising the rights of defense such as the right to have adequate time and facilities to prepare a defense and the right to object to the vote in the accepted cases of reTRIAL.

Reasonable and common time and costs of civil litigation and efficient litigation advocacy (TRIAL) process are called the quality TRIAL that make an optimum flow (procedure) of TRIAL and its efficiency. Quality of TRIAL, which is one of the fundamental guarantees in a civil TRIAL system, emphasizes on effective organizing of legal relations litigants and judicial apparatus, therefore, meanwhile the social function of TRIAL is promoted, the substantial justice (=efficient justice) will be also achieved.In this paper, first of all, the concept of efficient TRIAL and quality of justice is discussed and then respectively, the position and indicators for quality of TRIAL are noted, finally, it is focused on counting and explaining the promoting of quality TRIAL factors.

Background and Objective: Interventional clinical TRIAL is the study in which the participants are simultaneously placed in the intervention and control groups to investigate the cause- effect relationship between an intervention and an outcome. Because of the probability of some bias in human intervention, non-standard clinical TRIALs design produce unreal interventional results. For standardizing the clinical TRIALs, Consolidated Standards of Reporting TRIALs (CONSORT) statement was presented that is a guideline including the design, implementation and reporting of the results. CONSORT statement includes a flowchart and a Flow Diagram. CONSORT statement has a 25-item list that describes how to write a title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, registration, and access study protocol and sources of research funding. In the Flow Diagram of CONSORT, the way to access the participants, along the study, is taken into consideration. Of the importance of clinical TRIALs on new diagnostic and therapeutic methods, present study was conducted to survey and evaluate the performance of CONSORT statement.

Pre-TRIAL investigation is the most important phase in the criminal process. Because this is the first confrontation of accused with criminal justice system and facts of criminal cases are gathered in this phase. Hence, fair TRIAL principles are very important in this process, since there is innocence presumption in this phase and the criminality has not been proven yet.In Iranian Criminal Justice System, there are some of fair TRIAL standards and guarantees, such as innocence presumption. But there is less attention to other fair TRIAL standards such as the right to be silent, the right to council and that arrest must be finished in reasonable time. This article discusses fair TRIAL principles and guarantees in pre-TRIAL investigation stage with regard to the international documents and requirements. Then it describes the Iranian Criminal System and finally recommends some solutions.

Background: The relationship between ethics and law is certain and confirmed and emphasized by philosophers, moral thinkers and lawyers. A just and fair TRIAL is one of the most fundamental ethical demands in the legal system, and adherence to ethical principles in the TRIAL stages is one of the needs that is tangible in proceedings today, especially in criminal quasi-judicial authorities. Therefore, the present study was formed with the aim of investigating the ethical principles governing fair proceedings in Iran's legal system. Conclusion: Finding the objectivity of justice requires law and rule. Governments are committed to ensuring the right to a fair TRIAL for people in various ways, including legislation and the provision of an effective enforcement mechanism. The most sublime and thorough interpretations in this field can be found in the teachings of the religion of Islam. Islam has always called for the establishment of justice and justice, the rights of the oppressed, the establishment of peace and tranquility, and public judgment. The system of the Islamic Republic of Iran also seeks to ensure a fair TRIAL with the support of the religion of Islam. Fair TRIAL includes many examples that every person has in the process of both criminal and civil proceedings. Examples of fair proceedings include: the right to sue, access to impartial and independent courts, equality of defense possibilities, the principle of confrontation or correspondence, the right to face and open proceedings, the right to appeal and the right to proceedings within a reasonable time.

Criminal investigation authorities are in sensitive positions, and this doubles the importance of the process of criminal procedure. The process for obtaining the truth requires the confrontation of the adverse parties. This can guarantee the impartiality, without which real justice is not possible. This requires the presence of adverse parties in the criminal TRIAL process so that both sides have the authority to respond. Modern criminal law condemns the adoption and enforcement of criminal execution of judgment in the absence of the defendant. Only in rare cases and with certain conditions is the enforcement of judgment prescribed. Despite the challenges facing this principle, the effects and their resulting consequences shall be in the direction of the interests of adverse parties. Although it may lead to limited negative consequences, some coping strategy should deal with them. Fair TRIAL can be achieved by regarding this principle. However, some exceptions have been imposed to the principle in cases of special interests. In this paper, substantial aim clarifies the importance prediction and enforcement of the principle of adverse parties presence in the criminal TRIAL in the international documents and national law.

Introduction: Clinical TRIALs are a common type of medical research that has grown in number over the past decade. Intervention studies or TRIALs are the most authoritative type of epidemiological studies and provide the strongest evidence of causation and effect relationships between phenomena. Despite the usefulness of many of these studies, potential bias can distort the results of the study. Therefore, in this study, we investigated a summary of the types of clinical TRIALs studies, design and possible biases.