Background: Talus has unique anatomical, biomechanical and vascular-supply features. Talar neck fracture is not common, but when it happens, would be associated with high complication rate, resulting in significant disability. We would like report our experience with a small group of such fractures.Methods: 11 cases of talar neck fractures who had referred to our center in 3 years period (2002-4) were retrospectively studied. The mean age was 23 years old. There were 9 types II and 2 types III (Hawkins classification). All the cases had undergone open reduction and inertial fixation. The result of treatment was evaluated with a mean follow-up of 17 months.Results: All fractures healed. Varus malunion was observed in two cases, one of whom required repeat surgery, and one with superficial infection. Avascular necrosis of the talar body was seen after the 2 type III and 3 of type II cases. Degenerative arthritis of subtalar joint was evident in 8, and ankle arthritis in 5 patients. Conclusions: Talar neck fractures are associated with high complication rates. Post traumatic arthritis and stiffness are more common, especially in those who develop avascular necrosis. Prompt accurate reduction, rigid fixation and early motion can reduce the complications to some extent.

Fish Biodiversity were studied at 18 stations in Talar River (one of the major Caspian Sea sub basin) from 1997 to 2004. In this research, 33 species of 14 families were found in the area. Cyprinidae was the most diverse of all families. Diversity of resident fish were more than that of migratory one. Fish species diversity increased toward down stream. According to IUCN, the categories of fish species are:1-Acipenser persicus, Acipenser stellatus and Salma trutta faria: vulnerable (VU) 2-Esoxlucius and Barbus capita: conservation dependent (cd)3- Caspiomyzon wagneri, Barbus lacerta, Barbus mursa, Chalcalburnus charladies and Vimba vimba: near threatened (nt) Most fish species of Talar River, are important in terms of sport fishing.

Classification of water quality is the most important step for controlling the pollution of water. The aim of this study was classifying the water quality of the Talar River basin by analyzing the existing data of six monitoring stations. Multivariate statistical techniques such as cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA) and factor analysis (FA) were used to assessment the spatial variations of water quality in the Talar River. The quality data which were gathered from the 2011 to 2014 were included 14 different chemical parameters. . Quality testing stations were included the Pol Sefid, Pol Shahpor, Kiakola, Kari Kola, Savadkuh, Shirgah and Paland Rodbar. The results of cluster analysis of water quality stations were divided into three groups. The first group includes stations Paland Rodbar, Kari Kola, Savadkuh and Pol Shapur, the second group includes stations Shirgah and Kiakola, and the third group was Pol Sefid station. The results of PC and FA showed that the 80 percent of the variations of water quality were done by three parameters; the first parameters are TDS, EC, Cl, So4, Ca, Mg, Na, K, SAR and TH. The second factors are the Po4 and No3, and the third factor is HCo3-. The results showed that the major factors which are polluted the water quality of the Tlar River are related to inflow of industrial, domestic, hospital and agricultural effluents into the Talar River.

Flood can be having devastating effects on watersheds and human life, so, recognize of flood prone areas have a high influences on flood management. The aim of this study is to assessment of flood susceptibility at Talar watershed with an area of 2067 square kilometers. For this purpose some flood conditioning factor such as elevation, land slope, curvature, topographic wetness index, stream power index, average rainfall, distance to the river, hydrologic group of soil, maximum depth of soil, and land-use have been used. Flood conditioning factor have been prepared using related software and then converted to raster format. In the next step the 135 flood location in the study area were determined. These flood location were divided into two groups consisting of 93 locations for calibration and 42 locations, for validation. Then with comparatively analysis between previous floods coordinates and impressive environmental parameters on flood occurrence the probability of flooding for each class of each parameter was calculated. Faunally was obtained the flood risk map of the study area. Based on the flood risk map, the territory was divided to 5 class sensitivity, very high, high, medium, low and very little. The results have been showed that the frequency ratio method with 80% accuracy have high performance in determination of flood prone areas in Talar watershed.

Introduction: River discharge as one of the most important hydrology factors has avital role in physical, ecological, social and economic processes. So, accurate and reliable prediction and estimation of river discharge have been widely considered by many researchers in different fields such as surface water management, design of hydraulic structures, flood control and ecological studies in spetialand temporal scale. Therefore, in last decades different techniques for short-term and long-term estimation of hourly, daily, monthly and annual discharge have been developed for many years. However, short-term estimation models are less sophisticated and more accurate. Various global and local algorithms have been widely used to estimate hydrologic variables. The current study effort to use Lazy Learning approach to evaluate the adequacy of input data in order to follow the variation of discharge and also simulate next-day discharge in Talar River in Kasilian Basinwhere is located in north of Iran with an area of 66.75 km2. Lazy learning is a local linear modelling approach in which generalization beyond the training data is delayed until a query is made to the system, as opposed to in eager learning, where the system tries to generalize the training data before receiving queries.

Talar watershed with various land use, hydrological and vegetation characteristics is located in Mazandaran province In recent years, numerous devastating floods have occurred in this basin. In this study, flooding prioritization of Talar sub-basins under different hydrological and physiographic conditions were compared with an area of 189613. 6/ha in agricultural, residential, rangeland and forest land-uses. First, the basin is divided into six sub-basins, including Shirgah, Karmozd, Drasleh, Polusfid, Arjangrudbar and Chashem and for each sub-basin, geometric, climatic, permeability and physiographic parameters such as,area, perimeter, length of main channel, length and slope of basin, time of concentration, CN, discharge, etc. have been calculated using GIS software. Time of concentration with methods of Branci Bay Williams, Johnson, Pilgrim-McDremat, Kirpich, California, Chow, Spey, Ventura was evaluated based on the characteristics of the basin but the Bransi-Williams method with 19. 2 hours TC, showed the most suitable method for the all basin. Based on SCS method, the share of each sub-basin was determined in the flood of output from the whole basin. The results of the maximum stannous flood peak also showed that Polsefid with a flow of 380 cubic meters per second had the highest flow during the statistical period (1986-2019). Sub-basins are divided into three groups with high, medium and low flood potential in terms of similarity of flood potential, erosion, vegetation, and effects of human impact. The results showed that the highest amount of flooding in each of the sub-basins includes the sub-basin of Chashm with 29. 19%, in Draseleh with 23. 25% and finally shirgah with 16. 76%

Introduction: Tectonic geomorphology is a knowledge that can determine the effect of active tectonic using the geomorphic indices as a quantitative description of the rivers form. Accordingly, quantitative measurements provide conditions that allow them to identify the status of active tectonics areas. Active tectonic processes can affect the shape and performance of rivers. The extraction of geomorphic indices using digital elevation map (DEM) in the GIS in the past two decades has been a fast and accurate method for drainage basin analysis so that these indices are used for quick evaluation of recent tectonic activities in a particular region. Base on a natural theory, rivers are the first environmental forms that show a relatively rapid response to changes in the bedding or changes in the outflow of the bed. Regarding the proved reactions of rivers to the occurrence of normal changes, it is possible to analyze them by using geomorphic indices as the result of the effects of tectonic on the river's route. Geomorphic indices are especially used for active tectonic studies. With the study of topographic landforms and the model of drainage systems using geomorphic indices and the geological structure of each area, it is possible to evaluate the active tectonic performance and to determine the absence of active tectonic movements. The quantitative measurements provide conditions that allow them to identify the status of active tectonics areas. Along with the advancement of tectonic science of geomorphology, scientists have found that active tectonic processes can affect the shape and function of rivers being one of the most important observations that occur rapidly. Consistently in respond to deformation caused by active tectonics at the surface reflecting minor changes in topography, thus examining drainage pattern and river diversion provides important information on structural expansion and evolution of the area. The study area is classified into four categories of very high, high, medium and low tectonic activities. Alborz mountain range is the result of two orogenic movements. One of them is Precambrian ores (Acinitic), the course of which is essentially a metamorphism that leads to the interconnection and hardening of the paving stones in the Precambrian, The second one is the Alpine orogeny movements that happens in Mesozoic and Cenozoic periods. This mountain range is approximately 600 kilometers long and 100 kilometers wide along the south side of the Caspian Sea. The northern margin of the Alborz line is usually sloping. General trend of study area is NE-SW. Materials and Methods: In this research, with using the Arc GIS software and 1: 100000 Geological maps, at first, rivers and basins shapes of the area were extracted using STRAHLER method using 30 m accuracy digital elevation model in Arc GIS software. Then the necessary modifications to the wells and extraction basins were carried out using topographic maps and satellite images and finally a part of central Alborz at Talar and BabolRud area was divided into 19 catchments. 5 morphotectonic indices such as hierarchical anomalies (Δ a), Bifurcation (R), Form factor (Ff), drainage density (Dd) and Relative relief (Bh) were calculated in drainage basins. Using the Relative Active Tectonic (IAT) index, the study area was classified into 4 categories. Category 1 indicates a very high tectonic activity. Category 2 is the high tectonic activity. Category 3 shows the average geological activity and category 4 activities are low relative construction. A tectonic activity zoning map was prepared for each indicator in the study area and the results of the indices were analyzed. Results and Discussion: Based on studies of hierarchical anomaly indices in sub-basins associated with North Alborz and Khatirkuh faults, this index increases and shows very high and high rates. Intersection between these faults and the sub-basins waterway has caused anomalies in the connection of low-grade waterways to several degrees higher. In sub-basins 11, 12, 13 and 14 which are dominated by the above-mentioned faults, the bifurcation index and the elevation changes are due to the activity of these faults are high. Conclusion: Studies in this section of the Alborz mountain range using morphometric indices such as hierarchical anomalies (Δ a), Bifurcation (R), Form factor (Ff), drainage density (Dd) and Relative relief (Bh) and using the IAT Index in this area, shows that recent tectonic activity is generally due to the faults activity in the region such as North Alborz and Khatirkuh faults are in a high and very high categories. Based on these studies, it was found that some other minor faults formed due to high tectonic activity and caused by major faults such as North Alborz, Khatirkuh and other major faults in the area affect the indices numbers. Tectonic impacts show that about 33. 3% of the sub-basins associated with the major and minor faults

Brodie's abscess of talus in adult is very rare. In this study, an adult patient with tenosynovitis of flexor and tibialis posterior tendon due to Brodie's abscess of talus is presented.

The Prediction of alterations and also general and partial transfers of pattern of the river is one of the main subjects concerning fluvial Geomorphology. In this article after introducing Geomorphology of the river and the explanation of study methods of rivers pattern. The Talar river has been examined. First, the path of the river has been divided, considering pattern and then the alterations of pattern has been examined with the use of method of mattematical model and also with the use of Graphic and field methods. aerophotographs taken in 1956 and 1995, were used as well. The result of this examination indicates that the river hasnt reached its own dynamic balance yet and alters at the beginning of plain. At the terminal part, including meanderic pattern, alterations are restricted to the outside bank of bends. But alterations havent been accomplished in general pattern of the river.

About the vital role of Talar river in providing drinking water and acting as a source of agricultural water for the lands next to this river and discharge of various contaminants into this river, quantitative examination of river water seems to be needed. But by providing contaminants zoning and a clear image of quantitative conditions of surface waters by GIS, making any management decisions that will cause direct or indirect environmental impacts on surface waters of the country, become more warily.In this study, which is a kind of sectional study, sampling was done from 6 selected stations (2 upstream stations, 2 middle stream stations and 2 downstream stations) during two periods of high rainfall and low rainfall, in a water year 2012-2013. The results got from laboratory tests were analyzed by quantitative index of NSFWQI and then the path of river was zoned by GIS software.According to NSFWQI, the most suitable conditions belongs to upstream station during high-rainfall period (58, medium condition) and the worst conditions belongs to downstream station during low-rainfall periods (46, bad condition). In accordance to statistical analysis, it became clear that there is a relation between sampling stations and under studied indexes (P-value<0.05).The results of this study showed that among three stations, upstream station water is more suitable for drinking purposes or can be prepared for drinking usages by least treatment and pH adjustment, related to other stations. But the water of other stations must be treated with advanced treatment methods to become acceptable for drinking purposes.