Terrace wall arrangement is one of the most common arrangements for methanesteam reforming reactor furnaces. In this work, a mathematical model of heat transfer in terrace wall furnaces has been developed. The model has been coupled with a reliable chemical reaction model to predict the behavior of an industrial steam-reforming reactor. The heat transfer model is similar to the zone method models, which considers heat conduction of the furnace walls in addition to the convective and radiative heat transfer. Among different operating variables, the effect of thermal conductivity of the furnace wall and the height of the burners on the performance of the reactor have been also studied.

Masonry materials for the colossal monumental structures of Persepolis, the awe-inspiring architectural complex from the Achaemenid period, would be sourced from the surrounding mountains that occasionally lie up to 40 km away. Several techniques were involved in splitting stone from quarry masses. Once split, stonecutters would choose where in the structure and for what purpose each block befitted. At times, impurities were detected in blocks either before splitting or during rough cutting at the quarry site, or after final dressing on the construction site, viz. the Terrace. Apart from those for quarrying, Achaemenian masons applied several other techniques as part of setting, attaching and dressing processes on the construction site. Some blocks bear marks that were made by stonecutters and have thus been categorized as stonecutter’s marks. Yet, there are other related symbols that are instead connected with specific techniques used by masons for setting in place and holding together separate stone blocks. The present work addresses problems the stonecutters had to tackle while selecting blocks for using in the structures on the Terrace, and placing them atop each other during the construction process.

Extended Abstract Introduction River terraces represent a history of river stratigraphy and provide valuable information for understanding the interactions of tectonics, erosion, and climate change. The high altitude of the Jajrood basin has resulted in extensive glacial remnants, especially the accumulation of moraines upstream of the basin. The extent of moraine depositions under the upstream basins of the Jajrood River is not evident in the structure of river terraces and they do not have a uniform elevation. Moreover, the relations of old glacial conditions in the sedimentary interference of terraces cannot be easily reconstructed and discriminated, and there is no regular order in the stratigraphic sequence and sedimentological conditions of the river terraces. The moraine deposition seemingly has had a major role in the differences in river terrace sequences from upstream to downstream of the study area, which calls for further investigation and is also addressed in this study. Many studies have delved into the analysis of the evolution of the river terraces. Other important areas of study include paleontology and sedimentology and their effects on the canal sustainability against flow dynamics. This study aimed to explore the climatic and neo-tectonic developments of the Jajrood River Basin and the role they have played in creating terrace sequences.   Materials and methods This pure research investigated the role of neo-tectonic developments and climate change on the formation and evolution of terraces in the Jajrood River Basin. The research was based on analytical calculations and reports prepared through surveys as well as remote sensing methods to examine the effects of tectonics in the area. In addition, sedimentological evidence was studied to see how climate change has affected the formation and evolution of these terraces. The primary research tools were topographic and geological maps alongside aerial photographs and satellite images. Other fieldworks such as terrace morphometry using GPS measurements and sedimentological analysis helped to add insight to the findings. Then, the data was analyzed in ArcGIS. Here, the Jajrood Canyon was divided into three sections to better examine the morphogenesis of the terraces. Next, the transverse profiles and stratigraphic sections were drawn up to investigate the sedimentary strata in each section through morphometry, and then the evolution of the terraces was analyzed and reconstructed. The tectonics were studied using radar images to determine vertical displacement through the small baseline subset (SBAS) time series. Here, 27 Sentinel-1 images were used for the period from Oct. 14, 2014, to Oct. 27, 2016. which was performed using Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) in Linux OS. After preparing the interferogram maps, a map of the displacement in the study area was generated using the SBAS method (Zhao, 2013). Moreover, changes in the climate were studied using sedimentological and stratigraphic evidence.   Result and discussion The research findings can be classified into two parts. First, neo-tectonics was investigated through remote sensing methods and the analysis of vertical displacement across the region. Then, the effects of these neo-tectonic processes on the genesis and evolution of terraces were examined. In the second part, the effect of climate change on terrace developments was explored using sedimentological and stratigraphic evidence.  In the first part, the region's tectonics was analyzed using radar imagery. In doing so, the vertical displacement was measured using SBAS time series and 27 Sentinel-1 imagery during the period from Oct. 14, 2014, to Oct. 27, 2016. The specifications of the research images are presented in Table 1. The images were selected based on the research purpose and the baseline of the images relative to each other. The VV polarization was used for all images since co-polarizations exhibit a stronger backscatter. Some sensors have different polarizations, and images with different polarizations can inform interpretations to a great extent. After preparing the images, for measuring displacement using the SBAS method, first, the temporal and spatial baseline of the images was examined and image pairs were selected for interferogram generation (Table 2 and Figure 3), which was performed using Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) in Linux OS. After preparing the interferogram maps, a map of the displacement in the study area was generated using the SBAS method. In the end, the role of morphotectonic relations in the morphogenesis (i.e., origin and development) of the terraces were examined.   Conclusion These findings suggest that terraces in the Jajrood Canyon are highly heterogeneous in terms of sedimentological structures, stratigraphy, and altitude. For instance, the T3 to T1 terraces, respectively, were located 130, 90, and 80 m above the river. These terraces have also experienced three intermittent processes. These three river terraces were created through the combined effects of climate change, tectonic uplifts, and the formation of dam lakes. The results of SAR interferometry (InSAR) and fieldworks also confirm the effect of active tectonic uplift differences along the main canal. These differences reflect the differences in their morphogenetic processes. The altitude of the terraces at the Oushan River tributary (Section 1) is nearly 130 meters. However, this section's altitude downstream (near Hajiabad Village) is estimated at 90 m. This difference cannot be merely due to baseline discrepancies. Evidence indicates that a sedimentary interference originating in the lake due to a past landslide downstream of the study area (Hajiabad landslide) is the cause of the higher altitude of the terraces in this section. The terrace sequences were not the same in any of the three sections. To be more precise, there are three identifiable terrace levels in Section 1, two in Section 2, and one in Section 3. In addition to the differences in the tectonic baseline, three factors—namely climate change, moraine, and the formation of a landslide-dam lake downstream—were identified for the genetic diversity, sequence differences, and terrace sequences throughout the three sections. In addition to morphometric differences, there were great differences in the genesis of the terrace sediments. The river has contributed the most to the formation and structure of terraces and their genesis. Nevertheless, the interference of landslide-dam lake deposits, moraines, and alluvial deposits, consecutively or simultaneously, have affected particularly sections 1 and 2 through differences in flow dynamics. Meanwhile, greater uniformity can be seen upstream, particularly in the Garmābdar basin (Section 3), such that upstream terraces in this section are predominantly glacial.

The studied area includes the Neogene alluvial deposits of Birjand city that is geologically considered as a part of the structural zone of eastern Iran. In petrographic studies, 200 gravel clasts and 10 sandstone samples were used, while for sediment chemistry analysis, 13 mudstone samples and 2 sandstone samples were used. The petrographic examination of the above samples shows the presence of particles with different mineralogy in the studied alluvial sediments, in which, in addition to quartz, the abundance of igneous and sedimentary rocks is significant. Drawing the results of the major oxide and minor elements analysis of the above samples in the presented graphs in this context, reflects the presence of mafic to intermediate igneous rocks and sedimentary rocks in the source area. The examination of the rock units around the studied area shows that the origin of the gravel fragments and the sand particles is probably from the Cretaceous ophiolitic units, Late Cretaceous to Eocene flysch units, Paleogene clastic-carbonate sedimentary rocks and younger volcanic and sedimentary rocks which are exposed around the target area. Study of mineralogy, textural and compositional maturity of sediments along with the evaluation of chemical weathering indicators show that the mentioned alluvial sediments were deposited near the source and suffered moderate to weak weathering.

Qalikuh region of Lorestan is very important in the geology of Iran due to the spread of oil shales deposits. The Qolyan River flows in the bed of these deposits. In order to investigate the elemental geochemistry, to determine the origin and to investigate the relationship between the concentration of elements and the amount of organic matter, 15samples from the fluvial terrace sediments of the Qolyan River and 15samples from the surrounding oil shales were collected and subjected to petrographic and geochemical analysis. The results showed that the most depletion of main oxides in sediments is related to Na2O and there is enrichment only in relation to CaO. Enrichment of minor elements Sb,As,Ni,V related to shales and Sr is related to the dispersion of clay minerals and lime layers. The depletion of Rb is the consequence of feldspars breaking in process of alteration. Nb, Zr elements are present in sedimentary minerals in minor form. The origin of minor and rare earth elements is related to the place of formation, weathering in the deposits and the amount of total organic carbon in the oil shales scattered in the region. The samples are in the range of litharenite, arkose to shale, which are related to the environments of active continental margin and collisional. According to the Th/U ratio, the sediments were formed from source rocks with the least weathering. The amount of PIA and ICV index of the samples shows the effect of low weathering on sediments related to active tectonic environments.

This study investigated motivation factors affecting on farmer’s participation in terrace cropping operations in agricultural land in Chehel-Chai watershed in Golestan province. Research method was descriptive and the statistical population of the study consisted 75 farmers participated in terrace cropping operations in agricultural land in Chehel-Chai watershed in Golestan province. Using systematic random sampling, 62 of them were chosen. Information was gathered through a questionnaire and its face validity was confirmed by experts of soil conservation and agricultural extension. The reliability analysis was conducted with completing 30 questionnaires outside the geographic research region and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.81. Data were analyzed using SPSSwin16 software. The results showed most important motivators for farmer’s participation in terrace cropping operations in agricultural land were cooperate with other farmers implementer operations, encourage other farmers and perform the operations by neighbors adjacent farm. Also the results showed a greater impact of individual social motivators for farmer’s participation in implementation of terrace cropping operations in farms. This study has proposed attention to interpersonal relationship between farmers and offering technical advice by visiting experts to farms and communication resources especially radio and television in order to continue participating farmers in implementation of terrace cropping operations.

Reconstruction and rehabilitation have gone through a long period, and now in its latest version, experts have considered regeneration as a comprehensive solution. A kind of improvement that not only seeks to improve the physical space but also considers the social, cultural, economic, and other aspects of such issues in the field as well as the surrounding areas. In this research, the concept of urban regeneration and in particular, urban regeneration in France and the city of Paris, in the “Beaubourg” neighborhood has been discussed and the pillars of the success of the urban regeneration project of this neighborhood have been studied. The neighborhood, which has now become one of the best-known neighborhoods of the city through the “George Pompidou Center”, was one of the less developed neighborhoods of Paris in the past. This part of the research is a descriptive-analytic study whose theoretical data have been collected through library studies and in the section of collecting information about the current situation of the neighborhood through direct field observation. Then, following the process of follow-up studies, the weaknesses of this plan were identified using a creative problem-solving process. Considering that the authors of the article were not native and had a new look at the objective structure of the neighborhood, finding weaknesses that were hidden from the French resident observer was on the agenda, and the western front of the Arsene of “Saint-Merry” cathedrals courtyard, was identified as a weak point of the Beaubourg neighborhood regeneration project. To continue the process of recreating and extending its success to the identified weak point, a research process and development have been pursued to provide practical solutions. In the final result and presented solutions, the concept of “Terrace”, as the most important pillar of the success of the Beaubourg neighborhood regeneration project, has been the authors' work tool.

Introduction Marine and lake terraces are one of the geomorphological features that exist in the coastal areas, which are due to the erosion of an old coastal platform, tectonic uplift of coastlines and fluctuations in sea level. The marine terraces may be located above or below sea level, depending on the time of formation. Due to the relatively smooth surface of the terraces, these terraces are commonly used for human activities. The study of sea and lake terraces is done for different purposes and by several methods, which include the use of radar interferometry to estimate marine terraces (rising coasts) which is one of the most important geomorphological features. Out of 25 marine terraces in the coast of Makran (Iran and Pakistan), there are 12 marine terraces in Iran and their elevation has risen under the influence of tectonic processes. In the past, studies on the rate of rise of these marine terraces have been done using the methods of determining the absolute age, but due to the limited number of tests and also the impossibility of generalizing the results to all different parts of the marine terrace, a comprehensive study of this marine terrace are not possible at different elevation levels. Therefore, the use of radar interferometry technique allows a more comprehensive study of this phenomenon. Methods To measure the deformation behavior of a phenomenon requires examining the time series of that phenomenon in the region. Therefore, several images must be available at different time intervals from that region and several interferometers must be inserted between different time intervals to calculate the rate of deformation in the calculations, which is known as interferometric time series analysis. For interferometric time series processing in this study, by selecting permanent scattering pixels in the whole region, the time series behavior of these pixels was investigated using the short base length (SBAS) method. In this research, ASAR radar sensor image of ENVISAT satellite obtained between 2003 and 2010 (Sarscape software) was used to implement each of the mentioned time series. Results and Discussion The results show that the impact of tectonic activity on marine terrace is not only uplift and in addition there are several subsidence in the terraces. The highest average rate of elevation is related to Lipar marine terrace with 0. 73 mm per year (maximum 4. 11 mm per year) and then Chabahar with 0. 34 mm per year (maximum 3. 17 mm per year). Guatre and Pasabandar terraces are in the next ranks. Conclusion The results of this study show the appropriate efficiency of ENVISAT-ASAR satellite data and SBAS model in the study of deformation of Oman marine terrace. The highest rate of uplift in the study area is observed in Lipar and Chabahar, which has the effect of higher tectonic uplift and the highest altitude of Iranian marine terrace in this area. The uplift rate from the west of the region to the east is gradually decreasing, and this is accompanied by a decrease in the height of the marine terrace. Therefore, it can be assumed that the decrease in altitude of the terraces located in the west of Chabahar (Konarak, Gordim, Tang, Kalat and Jask) has been associated with a decrease in the uplift rate compared to Chabahar, which requires monitoring the altitude changes of the marine terrace in this area. The morphological effect of these uplifts in the study area can be seen in the formation of normal faults and the placement of the terraces in a flat manner and in their margins marl and sandstone precipices. This process has led to the emergence of sequences of sandstone and marl sediments on the surface and more severe erosion of marl sediments than sandstones has created a kind of differential erosion which is one of the morphological features of this coastal zone. Normand et al. (2019) has studied marine terrace on the coasts of Iran, using the method of carbon 14dating and with optical luminescence simulator index and the highest rate of elevation of sea terraces in this region during the period of 20 to 50 thousand years ago have been estimated to be 0. 5 to 1. 2 mm per year. The rate obtained in Normand studies is slightly higher than the rate obtained during the period studied in this study (2003-2009) and the slight difference between the displacement rates of these two studies can be related to its time dimension. The time period studied by Normand et al. (2019) is about 30, 000 years ago and that during this time the uplift rate can be affected by variable tectonic activity and in some years this high rate is more than the transfer rate in the period studied in this research.

Introduction: Lake Terraces are geomorphological evidence of climate change during quaternary. Location of these terraces location in different elevation shows paleo water lake level fluctuations. Investigation about Urmia Lake terraces was conducted by Bobek (1973).He found those terraces in 45-55 meter above Urmia water level on that time. According to Bobek, development of lake area in paleo Pleistocene period and cold Pleistocene periods was caused by reduction of temperature about 5 centigrade and reduction of evaporation. It is important that we don’t have any comprehensive investigation on Urmia lake terraces and many of these terraces and paleo shorelines remained unknown up to now. The aims of this research investigation of quaternary terraces of Urmia Lake represent their elevations and reconstruction of the areas affected by these fluctuations.