Necrotizing fasciitis is characterized by a rapidly progressing necrosis of subcutaneous fat and fascia that rarely occurs in head and neck. It can be life threatening in the case of late diagnosis and antibiotic therapy and without surgical intervention. It is caused by group A streptococci or by a synergistic combination of aerobe and anaerobe micro-organisms and bacterial synergy is an important aspect of the pathogenesis. The disease is most common in diabetics and immuno suppressed patients. Mortality rates have been varied between 8.7% - 74%. Here, a case of necrotizing fasciitis of the neck in a 41- year diabetic woman secondary to odontogenic infection is reported.

Food Security has defined as a situation which all people; at all times، have physical، economical and social access to safe، notorious and enough food to procure their notorious demands and food preferences to have a healthy and active life. Achieving the food security became a United Nations’ global concern in the new Sustainable Development Goals since 2030 framework. In this article، we explain the concept and legal foundations of the normative food security as a socio-legal norm in the international acts and Iranian regulations and introduce its sights، examples and legal answers (especially criminalization and repressive penal answers) in the Iranian legislative criminal policy in the context of national public policy under the international acts umbrella’ s that meet the food security in the world with planning، targeting and coordinating. The outcome of this research shows that the Iranian legislative criminal policy for food security protection is incoherent and with a tendency to criminal policies public model، just covers a part of food security’ s modern sense and also does not include the new forms of globalized crimes and terrorism against food security.

Many physicians have received a frantic call from anxious parents stating that their child had stopped breathing, become limp, or turned blue but then had recovered quickly. An apparent life-threatening event (ALTE) is defined as “an episode that is frightening to the observer, and is characterized by some combination of apnea, color change, marked change in muscle tone, choking, gagging, or coughing”. The incidence of ALTE is reported to be 0.05% to 6%. The knowledge about the most common causes and factors associated with higher risk of ALTE could be resulted in a more purposeful approach, improving the decision making process, and benefiting both children and parents. The aim of this review article was to report the epidemiology, etiology, evaluation, management, and disposition of ALTE. Infants with an ALTE might present no signs of acute illness and are commonly managed in the emergency settings that often require significant medical attention; hence, the emergency medicine personnel should be aware of the its clinical importance. There is no specific treatment for ALTE; therefore, the clinical evaluations should be focused on the detection of the underlying causes, which will define the out-comes and prognosis. ALTE is a confusing entity, representing a constellation of descriptive symptoms and signs; in other words, it is not a diagnosis. There are multiple possible etiologies and difficulties in evaluating and man-aging infants with these events, which are challenges to primary care physicians, emergency medicine specialists, and subspecialty pediatricians. The evaluation of these events in infants includes a detailed history, appropriate physical examination, diagnostic tests guided by obtained clues from the history and physical examination, and observation in the emergency department.