Phytoremediation is increasingly receiving attention as a cost effective technique that uses plants to remediate contaminants from wastewater, soil and sediments. In this study, the ability of Typha domingensis to uptake heavy metals as well as its potential application for phytoremediation was assessed. Pollutant elements concentrations were measured in samples of wastewater, sediments and Typha domingensis collected from industrial wastewater ponds, El-Sadat city, Egypt. This study specifically focused on the capacity of Typha domingensis to absorb and accumulate aluminum, iron, zinc and lead. Results indicated thatTypha domingensis was capable of accumulating the heavy metal ions preferentially from wastewater than from sediments. The accumulation of metals in plant organs attained the highest values in roots, rhizomes and old leaves. Rhizofiltration was found to be the best mechanism to explain Typha domingensis phytoremediation capability.

The objective of this study was to investigate the biosorption of an azo dye (Methylene blue) by a wetland phytomass (Typha angustata) under post-phytoremediation scenario. Thus, the phytomass was used without any chemical modification. The batch adsorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of contact time and temperatures (25–45oC) on the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution by cattail phytomass (CP). More than 80% of MB dye was removed from the aqueous solution within first 10 min of the experiment. Langmuir isotherm was modeled to describe the monolayer adsorption of MB dye (R2=0.995) with the maximum adsorption capacity of 8.1 mg/g at 25oC. Pseudo-second-order kinetic model adequately described the kinetics of absorption process (R2=0.999). The adsorption of MB on the cattail phytomass was a spontaneous and endothermic process that was governed by chemisorption. Hence, CP could be applied as a potential low cost biosorbent to treat dyeing wastewater.

The genus Typha L. (Typhaceae), comprising 12 species in Iran, among which two species are endemic flora of Iran. The main purpose of this study was to analyze anatomical characters of the members of the genus and also evaluating the systematical efficiency of these features. The leaf anatomy of the genus Typhaceae in Iran was studied by light microscopy and it was discussed as well. Differences of various anatomical characters between species were considered. The results obtained from this research work confirmes the usefulness of leaf anatomy characters for identification of the most of the species. Species were easily separated from each other by means of morphological and anatomical characters.In addition to providing a list of variable and constant species characters, tables showing the species distinguishing characters as well as anatomical photos of the species were presented.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of phytoremediation on reduction of phosphate, nitrate, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of Ahwaz wastewater during 90 days. A completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 3 replications was used for this experiment. The plants of Typha Latifolica and seven grasses (Polygonum aviculare) were selected according to the tropical climate of Khuzestan province. In this study, percentage of removal of biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, nitrate, phosphate by Louis plant were 55. 40, 59. 13, 57. 35, 52. 38%, respectively. Also, the removal efficiency of the studied parameters by seven-plant grass was 25. 89%, 61. 80%, 73. 98% and 59. 04%, respectively. Nitrate, phosphate removal efficiency was higher in seven-stroke grass than in Louis. According to the results of the two treatments, Typha Latifolica and Polygonum aviculare had effects on biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, phosphate and nitrate decreased this parameter over the remaining 90 days. The values of biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, acidity, electrical conductivity were lower than those of Iranian and US Environmental Protection Agency standards for agricultural irrigation use, but higher nitrate levels.

Background: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were phyto-synthesized using Typha azerbaijanensis aerial part and root extracts, and their biological activities were investigated. Methods: This study was conducted in the Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran in 2019. In this experimental study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were phyto-synthesized and the physicochemical properties of AgNPs were determined using UV-Vis (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Antibacterial and anticancer activity of synthesized AgNPs was determined using microdilution assay, and MTT 3-(4, 5dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) methods, respectively. The apoptotic effects of AgNPs were investigated using Real-Time PCR and flow cytometry techniques. Results: Morphological analysis of the synthesized AgNPs confirmed the spherical shape of AgNPs with an average size of 10. 67 to 16. 69 nm. The FTIR spectrum confirmed the presence of phytochemicals from T. azerbayenensis extract at the AgNP surface. Antibacterial experiments showed that phyto-fabricated AgNPs had significant antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria. The AgNPs were significantly cytotoxic against breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) through induction of apoptosis. Conclusion: The phyto-synthesized AgNPs had biological activities could be useful in pharmaceutical applications.

Background: Natural methods of wastewater treatment, such as wetlands, are simple, cheap and acceptable for developing countries, especially small and remote cities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of Typha Latifolica in subsurface flow constructed wetland for wastewater treatment in Yazd city, Iran.Methods: In this experimental research, the efficiency of Typha Latifolica in subsurface flow wetland for removing chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total suspended solids (TSS), nitrate-N (NO3-N), ammonia-N (NH3-N), orthophosphate (PO4-P), total coliform and fecal coliform was evaluated. Two reactors (without and with the plant) were made, as a pilot study, by subsurface flow constructed wetland with the dimensions of 2 × 1.5 × 0.6 m and with a retention time of 4 days. In two months, samples were taken from the incoming and outgoing flow of the reactors and were analyzed according to standard methods.Results: The efficiency of Typha Latifolica wetland for removing COD, BOD5, TSS, NO3-N, NH3-N, PO4-P, total coliform and fecal coliform was 72, 72, 85, 31, 25, 40, 94 and 59 percent, respectively, and 44, 34, 77, 15, 0.3, 1, 17 and 29 percent for the control wetland; all the differences were statistically significant, except for NH3-N and fecal coliform.Conclusion: According to the result of this study, Typha Latifolica has a high efficiency in removing organic material and suspended solids; and the treated wastewater by Typha Latifolica can achieve the national environmental standards for agriculture and irrigation use.

The adsorption of an anionic dye (ARS) on raw typha grass (RAW-TG) was studied using an equilibrium batch approach. To test their impact on the ARS removal, the operational parameters of contact time (15 minutes), starting dye concentration (120 mg/L), adsorbent dosage (0.02 g), and pH (8) were tuned. Among the physical properties that were looked at were the RAW-TG's bulk density (0.397 g/cm3), pore volume (1.253 cm3), and moisture content (17.80 %). To better characterize the adsorbent, it was further studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and point of zero charges (PZC) techniques. To numerically model equilibrium data, the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubining Radushkevich (D-R) models were utilized. Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and Intraparticle diffusion models were used to calculate the adsorption kinetics. Using the Van't Hoff plot, the thermodynamic parameters affecting the adsorption process were calculated. The data were presented most effectively by a pseudo-second-order model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 46.511 mg/g, and Freundlich's interpretation of the adsorption isotherm was significantly more favorable than that of the other models examined. According to the thermodynamic characteristics, the process was viable and spontaneous, with adsorption values of ΔG (-6.737 to -8.271 kJ/mol), ΔH (16.616 kJ/mol), and ΔS (16.616 J/molK, respectively. The findings of this investigation demonstrate that RAW-TG is an efficient, reasonably priced, and environmentally friendly adsorbent for the removal of ARS dye from aqueous solutions.

In this study we determined the concentration of metals (Cd, Ni, Zn and Cu) in sediment and aquatic plants (Typha latifolia and Arundo donax). The level of pollution in the sediment was assessed using contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo). Obtained results have exhibited that the distribution of trace elements in sediment follows: Zn (196. 51 μ g g-1) > Ni (140. 68 μ g g-1) > Cu (121. 56 μ g g-1) > Cd (1. 101 μ g g-1). However, comparison of sediment metal concentrations with several environmental contamination parameters, such as: probable effect level (PEC) and background levels, indicated that the concentrations of all investigated elements were less than PEC, except that of Ni, albeit higher than the background levels. The Igeo values revealed that Cd (1. 28 μ g g-1) had been accumulated significantly in the Djendjen River. Contamination factor (CF) exhibited that the sedimentary samples were moderate in terms of all studied metal contaminations. The pollution load index (PLI) values were above one (>1), displaying an advanced decline of the sediment quality. In studied plants, results exhibited that the amount of concentrations in tissues is significantly dependent on the kind of organ and element. A. donax revealed a lesser capacity of bioaccumulation as well as a lesser efficiency of metal removal than T. latifolia. In contaminated aquatic ecosystems, the presence of T. latifolia may increase the removal of heavy metals, thus, their introduction contributed to a possible action of phytoremediation.

Iron removal from aqueous solution via ultrasound-assisted adsorption using Typha australis leaves as low cost adsorbent had been studied. The effects of various experimental parameters like mass of the Typha australis adsorbent and contact time have been investigated using a batch experiment. The adsorption kinetic data were analyzed using the Pseudo First Order (PFO) and Pseudo Second Order (PSO) models. The adsorption modeling was carried out using the Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson adsorption models. For kinetic study, the adsorption process fitted the PSO model and agreed with chemisorption. Both the Langmuir and Redlich–Peterson models were found to fit the adsorption isotherm data well, but the Redlich– Peterson model was better. The maximum adsorption capacity from the Langmuir model (qmax) was 0.84 mg/g. The results of the present work showed that the Typha australis leaf, without any treatment has a good potential for iron removal from aqueous solutions via ultrasound-assisted adsorption.