For a long time, different nations were following their national development goals in GNP, percapita income and other economic development indicators. For these countries, achieving a high level of economic development was the main objective of development. But after some time, most of the developed countries discovered that their high GNP growth rates have failed to reduce the socio -economic deprivation of substantial sections of their population. For this reason, this conclusion emerged that economic development, does not necessarily create human development.The first movement to evolve socio-economic indicators dates back to 1929, but there was no serious attempt made until 1990. In this year the UNDP provided an operational definition of Human development, on the basis of three indicators of life expectancy at birth, adult literacy rate and real GDP percapita to measure the level of human development in different countries. After that the UNDP publishes an annual report under the title of "Human Development Report".Although the indicators used by UNDP do not cover different dimensions of human development, from the view point of techniques of making indicators scale free and calculating composite index. They have some basic problems. Among various methods, the UNDP uses "Deprivation score". In the process of making indicators scale free and calculating composite index it not only creates a shift in origin and thereby loss of information but also the obtained development gap differs from that of real situation. This paper criticizes the method of UNDP and suggests a new method in this regard.

This applied research, in terms of documentary method and secondary information analysis, was conducted with the aim of investigating human development index(HDI) and its components based on official secondary demographic, economic and educational data in rural areas of Iran. In this study, the rural areas in different provinces were classified in two steps, first, classification was done by using of country’ s official data in 2017 for HDI and its’ components measurement, based on UNDP criteria, and then zoning of these areas was taken. The research findings showed that the provinces were divided into two categories, middle(30 provinces) and low(Sistan and Baluchestan) classes in terms of HDI values. The findings of the research in the components of HDI also showed that in terms of Life Expectancy Index(LEI) values, 31 provinces were divided into two categories as very high and high LEI value. In the first group, Tehran province achieved the first rank and 24 provinces were categorized in the second group regarding. The third categorization was done by considering Education Index(EI) values, that rural areas were divided into two classes by very high and high. Eleven provinces were placed in the first group. Accordingly, the Alborz province achieved the highest index value. But Per Capita Income Index(PCII), the whole of Iran’ s rural areas were placed in one category, based on PCII values. The maximum value of this index allocated to Mazandaran province by a score of 0. 485 and the minimum of PCII belonged to the Sistan and Baluchestan province with a score of 0. 270.

Background and Objective: Traffic is a well-known term in human life today, which has acquired complex dimensions due to the specific characteristics of contemporary life, which tends to be more and more mobile and active, and therefore has become a critical issue in many metropolises of developing countries, especially Tehran. Accordingly, in order to manage Tehran traffic and successfully implement programs, one of the most important steps is capacity development. The purpose of this research is to validate local capacity development indicators for urban traffic management in Tehran based on the UNDP developed model. Method: This research was conducted in terms of a qualitative approach and with the content analysis method, and since it was the first time to build and validate a capacity development indicator for urban traffic management in Tehran, it is considered a developmental research and, considering its application to the authorities in charge and implementing Tehran traffic, and it is also considered an applied research. In order to collect data, semi-structured interviews with experts and scholars in the field of traffic and transportation in Tehran, as well as documents and texts related to UNDP capacity development, were used. The identification of these experts was continued using the snowball sampling method until theoretical saturation (including 12 people). Then, the obtained information was analyzed using the qualitative content analysis technique (inductive method) and using MAXQDA 2020 software regarding open, axial and selective coding. In order to examine the validity, prominent experts were used, including: 3 experts related to the field of urban planning and traffic in Tehran, 3 experts in the Tehran Municipality Transportation and Traffic Organization, 3 experts from the IRI Traffic Police, and 3 professors in the field of public administration and public policymaking. Their opinions were collected in the form of a CVI form, and reliability was calculated using the Cohen's kappa coefficient method. Findings: According to the analysis, a total of 22 categories and 139 local indicators (indicators/items) were identified and classified in the form of five axes of the UNDP capacity development process model. Of course, it should be said that the local indicators obtained were extracted according to the requirements and requirements of Tehran and can be used by decision makers in the field of traffic and transportation in identifying capacities and developing them for the effective management of Tehran's traffic. Results: So far, from the set of research conducted in Iran, no research on capacity development based on a capacity development model for Tehran's urban traffic management has been presented. In this research, the results of the work were presented in the form of a proposed conceptual model using local indicators appropriate for Tehran. In fact, it can be said that modeling the UNDP process model designed by the United Nations, after upgrading and localizing its indicators, can be used as a new achievement in the effective management of Tehran's traffic.

Background and Objective: Traffic is a well-known term in human life today, which has acquired complex dimensions due to the specific characteristics of contemporary life, which tends to be more and more mobile and active, and therefore has become a critical issue in many metropolises of developing countries, especially Tehran. Accordingly, in order to manage Tehran traffic and successfully implement programs, one of the most important steps is capacity development. The purpose of this research is to validate local capacity development indicators for urban traffic management in Tehran based on the UNDP developed model. Method: This research was conducted in terms of a qualitative approach and with the content analysis method, and since it was the first time to build and validate a capacity development indicator for urban traffic management in Tehran, it is considered a developmental research and, considering its application to the authorities in charge and implementing Tehran traffic, and it is also considered an applied research. In order to collect data, semi-structured interviews with experts and scholars in the field of traffic and transportation in Tehran, as well as documents and texts related to UNDP capacity development, were used. The identification of these experts was continued using the snowball sampling method until theoretical saturation (including 12 people). Then, the obtained information was analyzed using the qualitative content analysis technique (inductive method) and using MAXQDA 2020 software regarding open, axial and selective coding. In order to examine the validity, prominent experts were used, including: 3 experts related to the field of urban planning and traffic in Tehran, 3 experts in the Tehran Municipality Transportation and Traffic Organization, 3 experts from the IRI Traffic Police, and 3 professors in the field of public administration and public policymaking. Their opinions were collected in the form of a CVI form, and reliability was calculated using the Cohen's kappa coefficient method. Findings: According to the analysis, a total of 22 categories and 139 local indicators (indicators/items) were identified and classified in the form of five axes of the UNDP capacity development process model. Of course, it should be said that the local indicators obtained were extracted according to the requirements and requirements of Tehran and can be used by decision makers in the field of traffic and transportation in identifying capacities and developing them for the effective management of Tehran's traffic. Results: So far, from the set of research conducted in Iran, no research on capacity development based on a capacity development model for Tehran's urban traffic management has been presented. In this research, the results of the work were presented in the form of a proposed conceptual model using local indicators appropriate for Tehran. In fact, it can be said that modeling the UNDP process model designed by the United Nations, after upgrading and localizing its indicators, can be used as a new achievement in the effective management of Tehran's traffic.

The right to development is comprised of both national and international dimensions and highlights the right of people to possess all human rights through developmental processes. Such a significant aim differentiates the right to development from other instances of human rights. All national and international elements are supposed to cooperate regarding the right to development. The present study is intended to put emphasis on the role and cooperation of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in implementing the right to development in Iran regarding the fact that the international system is no longer state-centered and it rather makes use of different players who can be taken as a complement to the state. The main question that the present study has tried to answer is the role of UNDP in implementing the right to development and whether it has been successful in performing its activities in Iran or not. The central focus of the multilateral attitude of the UNDP is the declaration of the right to development. It has also emphasized constant development and human security which are complements to the right to development. This program suggested some educational programs and local procedures and technical assistance in order to decrease the influence of obstacles that hinder the processes of development and destroy the countries which are not prepared. The UNDP of Iran increases the national self-reliance by suggesting some patterns and area-based development programs through boosting managerial abilities and technical specialties of individuals and national institutes that succeeded as a result of education and implementation. The UNDP as United Nations’ global network of development has harmonized the national and global attempts to achieve millennium developments goals. It has also boosted the abilities of the countries in achieving millennium development goals, improving economical programs, managing natural disasters, training how to prevent epidemic diseases, protecting the environment, and managing crises.

Human Development has been defined as enlarging people's choices in a way which enables them to lead longer, healthier and fuller lives, in a democratized society.Human Development Index (HDI) has been measured and compared by three indices. A long and healthy life is measured by life expectancy at birth, knowledge by the adult literacy rate and the combined gross enrollment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary schools; and a decent standard of living is measured by GDP per capita or purchasing power parity. The above mentioned indices, which are components of Human Development Index, are summed up and divided to three.According to Human Development Reports, Iran Index has increased from 56% in 1975 to 73% in 2002. Meanwhile; world average index was 0.729% in 2002. Among 177 UN members, the ranking for Iran was 106 in 2001 and 101 in 2002.Although, the HDI has an ascending trend in Iran, the three indices may be increased, while the HDI is decreased, because the value or longevity, knowledge and living level are determined by the highest and the least values of specific countries and it shows the rank of each country in comparison to the other countries.Health care managers and health staff have a key role in enhancing the health indices, and accordingly they have a great share in Human Development and improving Iran in the world rankings.