The correct word order and the relation among them form a coherent utterance. This is possible according to certain rules in VALENCY Theory (Tesniere, 1959) which are based on the centrality of the verb and the relationship between the verb and the constituents within the sentence. On the other hand, the better understanding of a coherent utterance which is based on the Frame Semantic Theory (Fillmore, 1976) associates with a specific frame for each linguistic expression and the relation between constituent elements of a sentence. The significance of contrastive analysis of syntactic and semantic VALENCY of verbs in various languages in the proposed frames as well as its application in the fields such as manual and machine translation, natural language processing and language teaching motivated the researchers of the present study to develop a Persian- English verb VALENCY (PEVV) dictionary. The present study provides the stages of developing this dictionary and its components via concentrating on some verbs of "Filling Frame" and shows how the VALENCY of Persian verbs and their English equivalence differ.

Persian attributive constructions are sentences including liking verbs:astan, budan, šodan, gaštan, gardidan.Considering some typological, syntactic, semantic, logical evidences and an evidence relying on first language acquisition process, the linking verbs do not play any canonical role in assigning the vabency of the construction. But, the contentives- nouns, adjectives and prepositional phrases preceding the linking verbs are considered as the pedicates.The writer of this paper believes that the attributive construction consists of one argument, so the VALENCY of its predicate should be one. Finally, they are derived under predicate phrase node.Consequently, these kinds of predicates assign agentive or patientive q- role rather than essive to their arguments.

This article deals with the analysis of the noun used in the English phraseology as it has the highest phraseological activity. The subject of special attention is a study of phraseological units with a phytonym component. The group of phraseological units with a phytonym component is the most frequently used one. Some phytonyms demonstrate unusual cultural connotations typical to this language. The importance of the plant world for people and the fact that they make analogies between humans and plants are reflected in the language. Results indicate that the choice of the properties of a particular plant as a prototype for re-interpretation is due to several reasons: on the one hand, the peculiarities of the human thinking process, which leads to the formation of similar images in different cultures; on the other hand, this choice depends on the cultural and historical development of the country, its geographical location and political structure.

A Cayley digraph G=Cay (G; S) is called normal for G if the right regular representation R (G) of G is normal in the full automorphism group Aut (G). In this paper, we determine some non-normal directed Cayley graphs of finite abelian groups with VALENCY 4.

Let $k\geq 1$ be an integer and $\mathcal{I}_k$ be‎ ‎the set of all finite groups $G$ such that every bi-Cayley graph BCay(G,S) of $G$ with respect to‎ ‎subset $S$ of length $1\leq |S|\leq k$ is integral‎. ‎Let $k\geq 3$‎. ‎We prove that a finite group $G$ belongs to $\mathcal{I}_k$ if and‎ ‎only if $G\cong\Bbb Z_3$‎, ‎$\Bbb Z_2^r$ for some integer $r$‎, ‎or $S_3$‎.

Verb VALENCY is central to dependency grammar, but its role in generative grammar is ambiguous. The first theory gives a central role to verbs, determines certain groups of relations among the components of a sentence, and assumes free valence around key elements of a sentence, especially for verbs. The second theory is based on formal and relational structures of subject and predicate and assumes the generation of grammatical layers. The main objective of this study is to compare the two grammars to find out if Chomsky's sentential transformations are controlled by the concept of VALENCY or not, and to discover how verbal VALENCY affects the basic structure of a sentence and determines the surface structure. In order to answer these questions, the authors have first taken a look at new analytical and developmental views on Tesniè re's theory through examples. Then, by an analytical approach, the authors have provided a comparative study of Tesniè re and Chomsky's views. According to Tesniè re, speech acts like the translation of a “ linear system” into a “ syntactic system” . Conversely, the action of understanding in its turn acts like the translation of a syntactic system into a linear one. He differentiates between both and believes that the syntactic system is not necessarily linear. Moreover, by defining a concept of zero (free) VALENCY, Tesniè re’ s approach is better able to explain the transformations and permutations in the sentences compared to Chomsky’ s approach. The concept of "universal sentence" in Chomsky’ s theory seeks to describe the abilities of language users in the production of complex sentences. By analyzing some examples in this study, the authors have shown that Chomsky’ s approach, which considers the transformations of a sentence as an ability of the main to accept additional ones, is more similar to Tesniè re’ s approach. Chomsky’ s theory, takes into accounts a free place for an additional syntagma to explain the development of the basic structure as well. So, this syntagmatic load resembles free valence in Tesniè re’ s theory. The results showed that as a dynamic system, language automatically creates free valence around or next to central elements and ultimately provides the possibility of certain grammatical transformations.

A treebank is a corpus with linguistic annotations above the level of the parts of speech. During the first half of the present decade, three treebanks have been developed for Persian either originally or subsequently based on dependency grammar: Persian Treebank (PerTreeBank), Persian Syntactic Dependency Treebank, and Uppsala Persian Dependency Treebank (UPDT). The syntactic analysis of a sentence in these corpora involves a series of relations introducing each word in the sentence as a dependent of another, referred to as the head. Examination of head-dependent pairs extracted from similar contexts in the above treebanks reveals frequent, apparently systematic inconsistencies observed particularly in the cases of nominal and adjectival heads. This can be explained in terms of the failure to postulate VALENCY structures for nouns and adjectives as well as for verbs, taking for granted that tokens receive the proper labels regardless of such an assumption. When the notion of VALENCY was borrowed from chemistry to refer to the number of controlled arguments, it was meant to apply only to verbs. Later developments of dependency grammar included the proposal of nominal and adjectival VALENCY as well. The significance of the idea seems to have been underestimated, though. It has been highly improbable, therefore, for developers of dependency treebanks to design their annotation schemes otherwise. As far as Persian is concerned, Uppsala Persian Dependency Treebank and Dependency Persian Treebank (DepPerTreeBank, the dependency version of PerTreeBank) have used the Stanford Typed Dependencies. The later version of the former treebank, Persian Universal Dependency Treebank, has used the Universal Dependencies. These are standard annotation schemes that do not recognize VALENCY for nouns and adjectives. Furthermore, Persian Syntactic Dependency Treebank has used its own set of dependency relations, where little attention has been paid to the idea. This paper reported the design process of a scheme for annotation of Persian dependency structure as part of an ongoing project of developing a dependency treebank for Persian. The scheme was based on a comprehensive description of Persian syntax according to a theory introduced as the Autonomous Phrases Theory. The main idea is that the significance of phrases should be appreciated in dependency analyses due to their cognitive reality, and the notion of VALENCY is also extended beyond verbs, on which basis every dependent of whatever head type is classified as either a complement or an adjunct. Moreover, to make the resulting annotation scheme reasonably intelligible to the target audience, the latest standard available annotation scheme, Universal Dependencies (UD), was adapted to suit the requirements of the adopted framework. The outcome was a tag set of fifty-three dependency relations, including fifteen original labels and the rest borrowed from the universal dependencies. Although it provides more detailed annotation than UD does by making finer distinctions, our scheme does not involve too many tags more than UD does, mainly because a large number of the additional relations are shared by two or three head types.

Let $S_n$ be the symmetric group of degree $n$. In this paper, we classify non-isomorphic Cayley graphs of $S_4$ of VALENCY 3. Moreover, we verify that there are exactly 10 non-isomorphic  Cayley graphs of $S_4$ with VALENCY 3. Also, we classify  the VALENCY 3 CI-graphs of    Cayley graphs of  $S_4$ and  we prove that $S_4$ is not a CI-group and does not possess the $3$-CI-property. We show that  there are at least 10 non-isomorphic Cayley graphs of the symmetric group $S_n$ with VALENCY 3.