Vibriosis, non-cholera infection by marine bacteria of the genus Vibrio, is a relatively uncommon infection associated with high morbidity and mortality relative to other bacterial food and waterborne pathogens. The range and impact of these common marine organisms is likely to increase as global water temperatures rise in association with global warming. We have conducted a scoping review of available literature (2000 - 2020), including individual case studies, in order to provide the most current overview of reported sequelae and complications of this disease, including amputation, necrotizing fasciitis, organ failure, respiratory complications, and uncommon serious outcomes. Notably, we have found the available data indicate that route of exposure (contact with water, ingestion) may not be as reliably associated with disease presentation (soft tissue infection, gastroenteritis, sepsis) as has commonly been proposed. This information can be used to inform more accurate burden estimates for this disease, which have, to date, not included severe tissue sequelae including amputation as an outcome associated with foodborne exposure to non-cholera Vibrio. We have also identified knowledge gaps and priority research areas that may provide data allowing further refinement of cost and burden models.

Inroduction & Objective: One of the biggest threats facing the aquaculture industry is bacterial infectious diseases and the use of antibiotics. Phage therapy is a reliable alternative to antibiotics to inactivate bacteria as major pathogens in the aquaculture industry. The aim of this study was to screen Vibrio species off the coast of Bushehr province and control this shrimp pathogen using phage. Material and Methods: For this study, water was sampled in 1398 from areas close to the coast of Bushehr province. Bacteria that cause Vibriosis were determined using biochemical tests and molecular sequencing. Bacterial selection was performed according to the results of antibiogram profiles of dominant bacteria and pathogens. TCBS was used to determine the phage titer of the culture medium and the plugs were counted 24 hours after incubation at 30 ° C. Results: 5 bacteria (Vibrio alginolyticus strain SeqID, Vibrio xuii strain Z-03Phage, Vibrio alginolyticus SZ / 10 gene, Vibrio rotiferianus strain SRPR-Phage, Vibrio harveyi strain Z05 were isolated from Bushehr wastewater contaminated waters). Vibrio alginolyticus strain SeqID was selected as the dominant bacterial species according to the results of antibiogram profile determination, growth halo diameter and bacterial biochemical test of the studied species. Based on the results of 16srDNA molecular analysis, the isolated strain of the bacterium was 100% similar to Vibrio alginolyticus. Based on the results of the host domain, Vibrio alginolyticus strain Samira Phage was able to form plugs. Conclusion: The isolated bacteriophage Vibrio alginolyticus strain Samira Phage had a bactericidal effect with a wide range against Vibrio bacteria identified from the shores of Bushehr, which indicates that this bacteriophage can be a good candidate for use in phage therapy Be against viberosis.

Bacterial diseases have been reported to be the major limiting factor in shrimp production. The use of natural products such as antimicrobials has been reported as a solution to the problem. The crude extract of a red seaweed Laurencia snyderiae obtained from the Persian Gulf was evaluated for shrimp growth performance and to determine in vivo efficacy of this seaweed in the prevention of shrimp Vibriosis. The ethanol extract from L. snyderiae (EELS) that was fed to the Artemia instar I for their enrichment was found to be non toxic to them. Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles were fed with these enriched Artemia at 0 mg mL-1 (Control group), 200 mg mL-1, 400 mg mL-1 and 600 mg mL-1 for 30 days. The results obtained showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in survival rate in treatment groups compared with that in the control group. Shrimps fed with enriched Artemia showed a significant improvement in growth parameters when compared to those in the control group. When these juvenile shrimps were exposed to Vibrio harveyi (after 30 days) they showed notably lower mortality than the control. These results indicate that EELS has a good potential in promoting growth and antibacterial activities against V. harveyi that is useful in shrimp aquaculture.

This study was carried out to survey gill histopathology and total haemocyte changes in experimental vibriosis by Vibrio harveyi in white leg shrimp. For this order one group (30 post larvaes) 75-day old were examined. Shrimps were challenged by 30-minute bath method and with 109 cell/ml concentration of bacteria. Results from gill histopathology in diseased moribund shrimps showed necrosis, lamella fusion, edema, haemocyte infiltration in gill filaments and nodular haemocyte aggregations with melanized foci. Results from total haemocyte count in diseased moribund shrimps showed a significant decrease in this factor in comparison with control group.

Vibrio alginolyticus causes severe health problems in marine fish production each year. Among various therapeutic strategies, vaccination is the most economic, efficient and environmentally-friendly approach against microbial infections. Evaluation of formalin-killed Vibrio alginolyticus vaccine aquired from native isolates was carried out using a total of 200 Asian seabass juveniles (55±6. 43 g), which were divided among three groups, including (I) control (non-vaccinated), (II) vaccinated with killed V. alginolyticus and (III) killed vaccine with oral booster. Fish were vaccinated intraperitoneally. Blood samples were taken from fish in each group at three, five, and eight weeks after immunization to assess the antibody levels against V. alginolyticus infection. The efficacy of the killed vaccine was appraised five weeks after the start of the initial vaccination by challenging with twofold LD50 (3. 66×108) equivalent of the live suspension of V. alginolyticus through intraperitoneal injection. The results of ELISA showed that there were not any significant differences in antibody response among different groups before vaccination (p>0. 05). Also, the mean antibody titer of the group immunized killed-V. alginolyticus with oral booster was significantly higher than the other groups five weeks after the vaccination. The vaccined fish demonstrated higher survival rates than the control with relative percent survival (RPS) of 84. 62 and 76. 92%, respectively. It is concluded that vaccination could be an effective method to protect farmed Asian sea bass against vibriosis caused by pathogenic V. alginolyticus.

Vibrio harveyi is of the bacterial flora of omnivorous fish intestine that is considered as one of the main causes of the Asian seabass (Barramundi) fish vibriosis disease in many cage farms in the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of this bacterium in the mortality of Asian seabass fish in southern regions of the Iran. In this study, in 11 cases of Asian seabass mortality, a total of 110 Asian seabass fish (80 suspected vibriosis fishes and 30 healthy fish species) from southern provinces (Khuzestan, Bushehr and Hormozgan) were sampled and bacterial culture from the internal organs was done. Biochemical and molecular characteristics (with specific primers of genus and species) of isolates were investigated. Nine (81. 81%) cases of vibrios (Vibrio sp). Were diagnosed as causative of mortality. The results showed that in fish with symptoms of vibriosis, 70. 76% of the isolates were V. harveyi. Also, in the seasonal study, the prevalence of V. harveyi, the losses due to vibriosis and the highest prevalence of infection with this bacterium were observed in spring. The antimicrobial susceptibility test of 46 isolates of V. harveyi isolates was also investigated. The results of this study indicate the significant role of Vibrio harveyi in the mortality caused by vibriosis in Asian seabass fish farms in Iran. The results are important for prevention perspective (health management and vaccination) and the effective treatment of Vibriosis disease in Asian seabass fish, these results are important.

BACKGROUND: Vibrio paraheamoloyticus is one the causative agents of vibriosis with high mortality in farmed fish and shrimp and under predisposing conditions.OBJECTIVES: This study was aimed to assess the effect of gamma irradiation on the inactivation of V. paraheamoloyticus under fresh and freeze-dried conditions.METHODS: Vials of 0.5 ml fresh culture of the bacterial suspensions at 1.5*1010 cfu/ml were subjected to 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 and 4 KGy. Also, vials of 0.5 ml freeze-dried culture of the bacterial suspensions at 1.5 x 1010 cfu/ml were subjected to 2, 4, 7 and 8 KGy. The bacterial growth behavior was then evaluated on fresh medium.RESULTS: The obtained results showed that the minimum doses of 4 and 10 KGy were sufficient for the inactivation of fresh and freeze-dried bacteria, respectively.CONCLUSIONS: The result of this study shows that inactivation of V. paraheamolyicus in fresh culture condition requires below half- dosage of gamma ray required for the inactivation of the freeze- dried of bacterial cells.