This study is to evaluate Vowel normalization procedures in Persian, from IRIB broadcasters, on the basis of their effectiveness in neutralizing differences in Vowel formant data due to inter-speaker physiological and anatomical-gender- differences. The selection among various normalization techniques (hertz, Mel, Bark, Erb, Gertsmann, Lobanov, Neary, Watt, and Fabricius) depends on their significance in the previous literature and the kind of measurement involved in the provided database. The assessment is mainly performed based on two factors,Vowel space overlapping and discriminant analysis . The first factor is done on the basis of increasing in mapping between speakerâ s Vowel spaces along the degree of overlap between the two Vowel spaces, expressed in terms of that percentage of the male speakersâ s Vowel spaces which overlaps with the female speakerâ s Vowel spaces and vice versa.The second part of analysis is devoted to for the importance of maintaining Vowels informationâ s and the power of Vowel separation. The results indicate that Neary is the best way in minimizing the physiological effect in Persian while keeping Vowel separation s power safe.

Vowel harmony like assimilation is a very common process which is seen in most languages of the world. This process is studied by most phonological theories such as generative phonology, auto segmental phonology and optimality theory and is considered as a criterion for evaluating the adequacy of these phonological theories to account. This article deals with the Vowel and Vowel consonant harmony in Persian. Vowel harmony and Vowel consonant harmony studies the features such as height, front/backless, roundness, and advanced tongue root and retracted tongue root. The research method of this article is content analysis and the data are collected by purposive sampling. Theoretical framework of this research is Optimality Theory. In Persian languages features of Vowels such as frontness/backness, height and roundness involved in Vowel and Vowel consonant harmony are studied. Also some features of consonants such as anteriority or posteriority or their place of articulation changed in harmonies are studied. In this article some faithfulness and marked constraints for accounting Vowel and Vowel-consonant harmony in Persian such as license, agreement and identity are introduced. Finally it was shown that strong positions in Persian account harmony in this language...

The present article, in the experimental phonetics framework, investigates whether speakers of standard Persian deliberately control the secondary feature of Vowel duration correlating with Vowel height or if this feature merely results from primary features and therefore can be explained by biomechanical factors. Vowel durational differences among high, mid and low Vowels across changes in different speech rates (slow, normal and fast) and in two place of articulations (front and back) were analyzed in standard Persian. The results show that the duration of Vowels differing in height is not actively controlled by speakers. These results also shows that durational differences in Vowels differing in height cannot be explained by biomechanical factors.

This article studies different strategies applied in the Azarbaijani Turkish for resolving Vowel hiatus. Because Azarbaijani Turkish is an agglutinative language and in this type of languages, it is common to add several affixes to stems, by adding suffixes to stems and other suffixes and also by making compound words, Vowel hiatus may occur. The data related to Vowel hiatus in this language (Meshkin Shahr dialect) were collected and treated using Optimality Theory. The results of data revealed that according to morphological, phonological and semantic condition, different phonological patterns are used to avoid V+V sequences. In making compound words, V1 is deleted, in adding monophonemic suffixes to stems or The preceding suffix, epenthesis occurs, in adding complex suffixes with [+high] Vowels, V2 (suffix Vowel) is deleted and in adding complex suffixes with [-high] Vowels, epenthesis occurs. Results of this research show that in this language, the onset of stem is prominent and V is preserved in this position, in addition to preserve its semantic and grammatical role, it is impossible to delete monophonemic suffixes.

Even though in the prosody of Persian poetry, syllable quantity and, consequently, Vowel quantity are relevant, in special circumstances, the necessity to observe the metrical pattern results in a change of Vowel quantity. In this paper, the writer, discussing the theoretical issue of the change of Vowel quantity in Persian poetry, examines this issue in the sonnets of Hāfīz, kājū and Salmān Sāvojī, using statistical samples of sonnets of the same rhymes and rhythms. The study provides answers to the following questions: 1) Is the number of changes of Vowel quantity dependent on the metrical pattern? 2) What is the maximum number of Vowel quantity change in a line? 3) Is there a difference between Hāfīz sonnets and those of kājū and Salmān Sāvojī in terms of the number of changes of Vowel quantity? 4) Is the number of special changes of Vowel quantity different in the sonnets of Hāfīz kājū and Salmān Sāvojī. It is to be noted that the statistical data used in this study was obtained using the intelligent software of Persian poetry "Simia", designed by the writer and that the hypotheses of the study were tested using statistical tests.

This paper is an acoustic analysis of Persian nasalized Vowels which aims to develop an acoustic Vowel space of these Vowels compared to that of oral Vowels (the Vowel space provides a graphical method for showing where a speech sound, such as a Vowel, is located in both “ acoustic” and “ articulatory” space. The illustration shows an acoustic Vowel space based on the first two formants for Vowels. The vertical axis represents the frequency of the first formant (F1) and the horizontal axis shows the frequency gap between the first two formants (F2-F1) (Giacomino, 2012). In this regard, such a survey is investigating the effect of nasalization on the first and second formants of Persian Vowels as well as the effect of this factor on their F1span and F2span. In addition, this article studies the effect of gender on the first two formants of oral and nasalized Vowels. In order to reach the purposes of this survey, the speech of a total of ten Persian speakers, including five women and five men were recorded. All of the speakers were between the ages of 25 and 35. A list of forty-eight words (the words were embedded in a common carrier sentence) was presented to the speakers and their utterances of the words were recorded with a Huawei G750-U10 sound recorder. The words the participants had to pronounce were two to three syllabic nouns and adjectives. The findings of this paper are based on the pronunciation of six Vowels, i. e., /i/, /e/, /a/, /A/, /o/ and /u/ found in the unstressed syllable of these words. Some of these unstressed syllables contained a consonant-Vowel-consonant phoneme structure (i. e. /CVC/) and some others contained a nasal-Vowel-nasal one (i. e. /NVN/) in order to examine oral and nasal Vowels, respectively. Each word was uttered five times by each speaker, so each one provided 240 tokens. Collectively, 2400 tokens were provided by the participants. The recorded words were converted to. WAV files and analyzed acoustically with the free program, Praat (an online open source software designed for acoustic phonetic analyses). The data taken were the first two Vowel formants, i. e., F1 and F2. For the purposes of this study the central part of each Vowel, which reaches a practically steady state, was measured. Averages were taken for each value for each speaker and then calculated for the entire group. It should be mentioned that mahalanobis distance criterion was used to remove outlier data. Generally, this criterion is used when the data are two-dimensional. The data, when so analyzed statistically, reveal that nasalization significantly affects all Vowels’ first and second formants. In fact, the F1 frequency of the nasalized Vowels, except for the Vowel /a/, is more than that of oral Vowels. In comparison with the oral Vowel /a/, the F1 frequency of its nasalized counterpart is less. Moreover, the F2 frequency of the nasalized Vowels is more than that of oral Vowels. It is also found that nasalization has no significant effect on Vowels’ F1span and F2span. The data show that, gender significantly affects the frequency of the first two formants in both oral and nasalized Vowels, except for the Vowel /u/. The effects may be indicated as follows. a. In nasalized Vowels as well as oral ones, the F1 frequency of the Vowels /o/, /A/, /e/ and /a/ for female speakers is more than that of these Vowels for male ones. Additionally, the F1 frequency of the nasalized Vowel /i/ for females is less than that of this Vowel for males, but conversely, the F1 frequency of the oral one for females is more than that of this Vowel for males. b. In both nasalized and oral Vowels, the F2 frequency of the Vowels /A/, /i/, /e/ and /a/ for female speakers is more than that of these Vowels for male ones. Furthermore, the F2 frequency of the nasalized Vowel /o/ for females is less than that of this Vowel for males but conversely, the F2 frequency of the oral one for females is more than that of this Vowel for males. Finally, it should be noted that the Vowel space has been studied in different languages, for instance, the studies of Barney and Peterson (1952), and Hillenbrand et al. (1995) on English Vowels, Klein’ s study (1970) on Dutch Vowels, the survey of Johngman et al. (1989) on modern Greek and German Vowels, and the article of Most et al. (2000) on Hebrew Vowels. There are also some papers on Persian Vowel space, such as Gharaati (2010), Mohammadi et al. (2011), Bijankhan (2013), Modarresi Ghavami (2013), Esfandiari and Alinezhad (2015), and Alinezhad (2016).

Arabic language is a derivative language, so that words do not live alone, but, unlike many other languages in the world, they only get their true meaning in a lexical community. This feature is known among linguists. On the other hand, this language has another feature, and that is the issue of Vowels that generate meaning. Each Vowel has its own special features that distinguish it from other movements and Vowels, so that it only implies a definite meaning. The aim of this research is to study the effect of the strongest Vowel phoneme, long and short Arabic ‘ Dhammah’ , on meaning in Arabic language and the vocabulary of the Holy Quran. Thus, studying the effect of Dammah in strengthening the structure of nouns, verbs, and syntactic compounds are the main issues of this research. The research was based on the descriptive-analytic approach which investigates sounds in Quranic words and Arabic language. Finally, the results of this research show that Dammah (which is equal with /u: / and /u/ in English) is the strongest Vowel phoneme. This power might lead to strengthening the meaning of words and grammatical-syntactic compounds. So, it is possible to propose a new linguistic principle: the strongest Vowels imply the strongest meanings.