The rule of wasting is one of the most important rules by which issues related to liability (ḍ amā n) and civil liability in Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) and law are resolved. In each civil law and the Islamic Penal Code, this rule is considered as a basis and source of liability. At first glance, arguing for this rule does not seem difficult. However, a careful logical and realistic analysis shows that this requires various prerequisites. The most important challenge and issue in enforcing this principle is to explain the concept of "wasting" and in particular to provide a more objective and quantitative criterion for it. The objective of this study is to solve this problem through a descriptive and analytical method. Our jurisprudential and legal literature in this regard is not as big as the scientific literature of principles such as "ḍ amā n Yad (liability of possession)" and "negation of harm". However, the findings of the study suggest that the great Imamiyah jurists have made valuable efforts to standardize and regulate this rule. The evaluation and examination of these perspectives will lead to the development of our jurisprudential and legal literature in this field. Some believe that with the approval of the new Islamic Penal Code, wasting as "being able to be documented" has been accepted as the sole basis of the civil liability for a crime, but the author of this article does not agree with the adequacy of this view and believes that the necessary elements for the realization of conventional documentation should also be explained in a clear way.

Introduction: One of the uncommon diseases and serious one in an infant is hyponatremia with hyperkalemia. Secondary Pseudo hypoaldosteronism (PHA) is congenital adrenal hyperplasia that has been described in babies with urinary tract infection (UTI) and urinary tract malformation (UTM). Case presentation: Here, we report a CRE guideline-based case of a 39 days infant with failure to thrive and lastly identified with transient PHA because of UTI with posterior urethral valves. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia was excluded in front of cortisol,17 OH progesterone and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) were within normal ranges. The infant was put under double antibiotic and sodium replacement therapy and cation exchange resin at the rate of one gram per kilogram, and after stabilizing his clinical condition and sterilizing the urine, the infant underwent endoscopic valve resection. Conclusions: Transient secondary type 1 PHA caused by a UTI should be considered in the existence of hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and metabolic acidosis in newborns with UTI and UTM.

Human life is a fundamental and precious asset that, if used properly, can bring happiness to people in the future. Loss of life by others is one of the most important and fundamental issues that exist in today’, s societies where the issue of responsibility and compensation for its loss is discussed. So, the fundamental question is, is the loss is of human life guaranteed by others? In other words, is the issue of life applicable or not? Since the main legal issues that are not explicitly stated or ambiguous in the law are based on jurisprudential rules, the present article uses a descriptive-analytical study method with the aim of examining the jurisprudential rules that can be guaranteed and compensated. Compensation for loss of life of others, have a proper basis, has been written. According to studies, jurisprudential rules such as harmlessness, waste, justice and maintaining the system in the responsibility and compensation for loss of life of people have an important role that can be based on these people, people who waste the lives of others, responsible for compensation.

Background Ethical values as a subset of organizational culture have a multidimensional interaction on formal and informal relationships and behavioral control of its members. Assessing the impact of aspects of interpersonal relationships and interactions in organizations that are considered as moral dysfunctions, the cause of wasting the organizationchr('39')s talents is the subject of this study. Method The present study is a qualitative research with a phenomenological strategy. The statistical population is a group of contract or official employees of government agencies in North Khorasan Province who have had "experience of wasting talents and skills" in themselves, colleagues, or their subordinate human resources. Twenty samples were randomly selected from 17 government agencies and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. Data analysis was performed in three steps of open, axial, and selective coding, and the result space was presented accordingly. Results After summarizing, reducing, and coding the data, 11 foci of attention (inner horizon) in the field of extraversion of morality were obtained in the form of 4 interpersonal communication fields (outer horizon). The combination of external and internal horizons led to the creation of 21 descriptive classes. Conclusion The results showed that "managers and higher levels of the organization" with their inefficient interactions in the form of "indifference and lack of support for ideation" and "lack of participation of individuals" play the most important role in wasting the talents of the organization. Communication dysfunctions of "talented people with managers" became the next priority.

Background and Aim: Malnutrition and growth impairment are among the most common problems in children of developing countries. The aim of present study was to determine underweight, stunting, and wasting status in children less than 2 years in Qazvin (Iran) in 2007.Materials and Methods: In this study, 804 children aged between 0-24 months were evaluated. Data were collected through both family and child's health records.Results: According to World Health Organization (WHO) standard underweight, stunting, and wasting were observed in 11.7%, 11.5%, and 0.7% of the children, respectively. There was a significant correlation between underweight and the family size and birth order and also between stunting and family size, birth order, and parent education (p<0.05).Conclusion: This study revealed that the most common types of growth impairment in children under two years of age are underweight and stunting. Interventional measures are recommended.