Yazd emerged at a central point in Iran at the intersection of two main roads, Kerman-Ray and Fars-Khorasan, at least in the Sassanid era. Due to the presence of the Iranian plateau at this point, Yazd turned into one of the cities with low water. However, with the growth in population and consumption, the water shortage in Yazd turned into a crisis. Yazd›s water supply was in Shirkuh, a city 45 kilometers away from Yazd. The cities of Taft and Mehriz were constructed several centuries after Yazd, in the vicinity of Shirkuh. Yazd was initially a fortress serving as a guard and providing road services but gradually expanded. Since huge economic and military activities have long been dependent on the two old roads, Yazd is still a larger city than Taft and Mehriz. It has stronger civilizational and cultural indices compared to the national average, even though it has been farther from the water source.Water, a manifestation of ancient Iranian civilization, received much attention in Yazd and outstandingly excelled. Water in Yazd, this prosperous but WATERLESS city, was conceptualized in two ways: as a verse of existence and a symbol of goodness. It was a manifestation of existence and perfection (the legend of Anahita) and served as a symbol of perfect existence manifesting itself on Earth.The lower and more sensible aspects of water in various shows were an attempt to grab the attention of users using different forms of water. The man-made symbols in natural elements, patterns, characters of nature, language, manners, and the like were the narrators of the beneficial qualities of water in the lives of the people of Yazd. This approach is a necessity for the continuation of life in the water-scarce area and serves as a means of water conservation.The higher and emotional aspect of water›s role in Yazd was creating situations in contact with water and water itself so that users could experience different effects of water. The maximum exposure to the existence of water in various forms was the agenda of expanding the ontological relationship between man and water. The capabilities of water and its various aspects were tangible in spaces and situations where the observer could look at the water from their perspective.The architecture of Yazd is a well-known embodiment of the cultural-civilizational capacity of Yazd. Despite being a WATERLESS city in an arid and barren area (desert), Yazd has been able to achieve superior development indicators. The growth of houses with courtyards centered on the water feature, which is the essence of the architecture of the house, is an example of this embodiment. In the path of the aqueducts passing underground, a connection with water was established wherever possible, so that people could gather around the water’s edge. The garden ditch splitting the ground of the courtyard to flow the water as an exemplary element in front of the residents is another example. The huge fountain in Daulatabad Garden has no justification in a water-scarce environment other than accentuating the glory of water. After carefully researching the formation of architecture in Yazd, it can be said that architecture in this city is based on water landscaping and human contact with water.The cover photo of the author related to the Pahlavanpur Garden Pavilion in Mehriz is an example of landscaping with the approach of maximizing exposure to water and nature. The good feeling that the observer experiences in this space is created by immersion in the landscape through encountering and touching nature.

This article presents an analysis of the effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing for increasing hydrocarbon production, emphasizing the challenges and limitations of this method. Sustainable alternatives are explored, including WATERLESS hydraulic fracturing technologies such as the use of carbon dioxide, liquid nitrogen, petroleum gas, and liquefied natural gas. A systematic analysis highlights their practical applications, advantages, and limitations. These methods are shown to reduce environmental impact and are suitable for use in water-scarce regions. However, their implementation is associated with accelerated equipment wear due to the effects of cryogenic fluids and high pressures, necessitating careful material selection and system design. Furthermore, attention is given to the issue of hydro- and gas-abrasive wear, which damages critical equipment components such as turbine blades and pump gears. The wear patterns are found to depend on the angle of impact of abrasive particles, underscoring the need for innovative solutions to mitigate these effects. The study's findings confirm the significant potential of WATERLESS hydraulic fracturing technologies to enhance hydrocarbon production efficiency and highlight the importance of further research aimed at improving their economic and environmental sustainability. The proposed approaches contribute to advancing the oil and gas industry's transition to more efficient and sustainable practices.

Introduction: Hospital acquired infections recognize as an important risk factor in health care. In this regard health care and hand hygiene is the first step in controlling the infections. This study, carried out with the aim of comparing the effect of hand washings in the usual way with disinfectants without water in microbial contamination of the hospitals hand nurses.Material and Method: Accordingly, samples were taken from hand of 30 nurses in the wards of surgery, pediatrics, emergency, CCU, ICU and cardiology in 4 steps before and after washing with soap and washing with liquid hand rub. Samples were cultured in EMB and Blood Agar medium, then identified by gram staining, catagase and coagugas tests and growth on manitol salt agar.Result: The findings showed that 30 samples were not grown on EMB medium، but 30 samples of Blood agar, before and after washing with soap and liquid hand rub, were grown and applying hand rub alcohol liquid is most effective than washing with soap. Identification of bacteria in manitol salt agar medium and coagulas test revealed %80 were coagulas negative staphylococcus and %20 coagulas positive staphylococcus. Conclusion: In this study washing with soap dose not effect on hand hygiene of nurses but disinfectant with liquid alcohol shows significant correlation in reducing microbial load on personnels’ hand that is revealed alcohol was more effective in reducing pollution.

Drought is one of the most important abiotic agents that adversely affect the growth and development of plants. The arid and semi-arid regions where sesame (Sesamum indicum L. ), as a relatively drought tolerant plant, is grown are specified by high temperatures. In order to evaluate the effects of paclubutrazul (PBZ) on the drought tolerant of sesame a factorial experiment were conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2014 at greenhouse of Educational Department of Kordkoy (Golestan province). Treatments included two genotypes of sesame (Yellow-white and Oltan), three levels of watering (20, 50 and 80% FC) and three concentrations of PBZ application (0, 7. 5 and 15mg/L). Traits such as chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid contents, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity, yield and yield components were measured. Data were analyzed with SAS software. Results showed that genotype, water treatment and PBZ had a significant effect on chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid contents, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity of roots and leaves, yield and yield components. High PBZ application where plants exposed to the severe water stress significantly improved chlorophyll b (44%), superoxide dismutase of roots and peroxidase activity of roots and leaves. Yellow-white genotype showed higher chlorophyll a (30. 4%), b (40. 6%) and carotenoid concentration (29. 9%), superoxide dismutase of roots (3times), superoxide dismutase of leaves (1. 9 times) and peroxidase activity of roots (3times) in severe water deficit stress. Finally, it can be concluded that Yellow white responded better to drought stress than Oltan genotype with maximum levels of PBZ throughout antioxidant mechanismes.

The purpose of this investigation was to study factors influencing wheat farmers' attitude toward technologies applying mitigation of wheat losses during WATERLESS and drought.The research method of this study was correlation. The target population in this research included all wheat farmers in Razavi Khorasan province (N=22,119) out of whom a number of 357 were selected as multi-stage cluster sampling method by using Cochran's formula and finally 291 questionnaires were filled out and analyzed (n=291). Validity of the instrument was established using a panel of experts. Cronbach's alpha, an internal consistency measure, was used to estimate the reliability, and was found to be in acceptable range from 0.86 to 0.88. Finding in the study indicates that a majority of the wheat farmers' knowledge and attitude toward these technologies apply was considered to be at moderate and relative favorable respectively. The results of spearman correlation test showed that education rate, the extent of caused damages by WATERLESS and drought, the extent of extension. contacts, the extent of participation in extension activities and knowledge level of wheat farmers had a positive relationship with their attitude toward applying these technologies. The results of the bivariate regression revealed that 27.4 percent of variability in attitude toward applying these technologies stems from farmers' technical knowledge level.

The aim of the present study is to investigate the role of Hamoon Lake's environmental capabilities on the socio-economic development of rural areas of Sistan. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and the required data were obtained through completing questionnaires and field study. To determine the sample size, Cochran sampling method (with error of 108) was used, and out of 611 rural households, 121 supervisors were randomly interviewed. Also, 18 agricultural experts from the region were interviewed, using available sampling. Descriptive statistics; frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation; and t-test were used to analyze the research data in SPSS software. Also, the VICOR ranking model was used for spatial analysis of the villages and finally the Fuzzy AHP model was applied to investigate the environmental impact factor in sistan. The results of the t-test showed that the environmental capabilities of Lake Hamoon had a significant effect on the economic and social sustainability of the studied villages of sistan, so that in both dimensions, the mean dimensions were higher than the theoretical median (3). Economic and livelihoods (44) and socio-cultural (30894) were the highest, respectively. According to the results of the VICOR ranking technique, the Lourg va Bagh village with coefficient (Q =10919) is the best village to use environmental potentials in sistan. The results of Fazzy AHP technique showed that among the known capabilities, high groundwater level (10484) was the most important environmental power in sistan and the need for no fertilization (1034) was the least important factor.

The story of Chelgis is one of the most famous and well-known stories in folk literature. In the various narratives of the story, there are common elements such as the description of the character of Chelgis with repetitive characteristics, the theme of the hero's battle with the dragon, and the WATERLESS and famine-stricken lands that give a symbolic and mythological aspect to the story. Using analytical-descriptive method, the purpose of this study is to identify the role and position of women in society in various narratives of the story of Chelgis mentioned in Iranian Legends and Fairy Tales Encyclopedia according to the mythic deep-structure of the story. Considering the history of matriarchy and worship of goddesses in Iran, the results of the research show that the character of Chelgis can be an embodiment of the goddess Anahita, the goddess of water, in Iranian beliefs and myths. Also, the companionship of mythological themes related to the actions of the main male and female characters in the continuous structure of the story indicates the emphasis on male actions and power, the delegation of female tasks to men, the passivity of female characters and the fixation of women's role as obedient spouses. On this basis, the story of Chelgis depicts the decline of matriarchal beliefs and the formation of patriarchal societies.

Extended AbstractIntroductionIn hydrological drought, water scarcity spreads through the hydrological cycle and can subsequently reduce groundwater levels, surface water and lake levels, and this means that hydrological drought dominates those areas, leading to long-term effects. In addition, due to climate changes and rainfall and temperature anomalies, droughts have increased in frequency and severity in many regions of the world. The predicted changes for the coming years show that climate variables will not have uniform changes in all regions and regional changes in the amount of precipitation may lead to the creation of hydrological patterns much different from the current conditions.The present study was also carried out with the aim of spatial analysis of drought effects on water level changes in the catchment area of Bakhtegan, Tashk and Maharlo lakes. In this research, an attempt has been made to identify temporal and spatial patterns of changes in the level of this lakes by using satellite images and spatial analysis models.Materials and MethodsIn the present study, Landsat 5(TM), 7(ETM+) and Landsat 8(OLI) satellite images with a resolution of 30 meters have been used in the period of 2000-2021 to investigate water level changes. Due to the fact that the water level of the studied lakes changes drastically with the rainfall of different months, therefore, it is difficult to determine the amount of water cover for a year without considering the fact that a part of this cover is seasonal and when the rainfall decreases, a part of the lake Dry may not provide accurate results. Based on this, in the present study, one image was used for each month for each year studied to evaluate the changes in the water level of the lakes in all months of the year.Conclusion and DiscussionThe investigation of the changes in the water level of Maharlo Lake shows that in the drought of 2108 and 2017, the permanent water level of the lake has decreased to 1.8 square kilometers. Meanwhile, in the severe and very severe drought of 2005 and 2004, the permanent water level reached 170.4 square kilometers. Examining the changes in the area of Tashek Lake in 15 years of drought shows that the area of the WATERLESS part of this lake has increased more than the seasonal and permanent water. The highest amount in this field was in 2021 with a very severe drought, which shows that this lake has more critical conditions in terms of permanent dryness than Maharlo Lake. This lake has been in a terrible state for 5 years. Comparing the changes in the area of Bakhtegan lake in different years shows that this lake has a more critical situation than its neighboring lakes (Maharlo and Tashk), so that in a significant number of years (12 years) the lake lacked permanent water and only With monthly or seasonal rains, some water has been temporarily collected on its surface, but it has a short shelf life between 2 to 6 months (November to May).ResultsThe results of the evaluation and analysis of the role of drought in the water level changes of the Bakhtegan, Tashk and Maharlo catchment lakes showed that the area of these lakes has decreased significantly during the studied period, so that over time the area of the water area has decreased. It has been permanently reduced and added to the dry and WATERLESS area. The maximum decrease in the water level of all three investigated lakes occurred during a 6-year drought between 2008 and 2013, in such a way that the area of the part with permanent water was greatly reduced and the area of the dry part of the lakes was increased.

In a wide range of the central boundaries of Iranian plateau, encompassing an important part of the arid areas in Asia, the phenomenon of desertification is a long history. In this arid and WATERLESS expanse, living conditions are fully dependent on access to water due to the supremacy of the Kavirs and deserts. The mos t important and oldes t ways for obtaining water has been Qanat or Kariz (underground water canal). Here, we show that Qanat is one of the mos t important environmental sus tainable tools in the local-regional environments of the Iranian plateau. Qanat improves the unfavorable conditions of earth and the natural bed of the region along with its path and helps the ecological duration of the environment. At the end of its path, in the place of its rising (emergence), Qanat is regarded as one of the mos t original factors in shaping, formating and duration of microclimates. However, in view of the dependency on the biological, economic and occupational (vocational) activities, the presence of Qanat and its entry to the boundary of the flourishing conditions affects the durable formation and shaping social and economic activities in its habitats along with the preparation of the groundwork for durable ecological aspects. As a result, by collecting and classifying library documents through a qualitative analysis, this s tudy tries to present solutions concerning the sus tainable use of Qanat at present and in future through the emphasis on the effect of Qanat on various ecological and social aspects of its surrounding environment and the necessity of preservation and revival of this important human innovation as a his torical heritage.