Considering globalization and very intense competition between the main ports of the world, this paper tries to assess re-engineering processes using new servicing techniques in some of the most important regional and international ports. Today, traditional practices are considered as barriers to growth and expansion of the ports. High speed transportation and cargo handling requires new strategies and technologies. Regarding the intense competition to attract the customers, it is very necessary for Iranian ports to offer new services that satisfy customers. Using Information Technology (IT) and being adherence to international organizations like UN/CEFACT (United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business) are some of these practices. Many ports have boomed with increasing global trade and therefore have faced new opportunities. Single WINDOW is one of the technologies that ports use to handle the high volume of goods and cargoes.

Close encounters with the Western culture and art starts under the Qajar rule. In this period, art elements of the West find their way in the Persian art and architecture. This paper reports the results of a survey of WINDOW-guards extant form the Qajar period in Hamadan City. Of an initial sample of 68 WINDOWs, 26 samples were selected for not being a repetition of other designs. These show a gradual evolution in technique and style of using wrought iron in four phases.In the first phase, a pattern formed with S-shaped elements covers the rectangular area of a WINDOW, while the semicircular area under the spanning arch is usually blocked. In the second phase, by modifying the ‘S’ element, all the WINDOW area is covered. In the third phase, the S element is further modified, its tips become convoluted and its proportions are freely changed to fill rectangular areas. In the fourth phase, the WINDOW-guard is treated as a decorative architectural element. Therefore, in addition to the S element, other decorative spiral elements are used.

"Demographic WINDOW" refers to a particular period, in the demographic history of a population, in which age-dependency ratio falls to an unprecedented low level. This period is short, the beginning and end of it can be estimated, and it lasts about three to four decades.The Demographic WINDOW of Iran began at the threshold of 2006 census and is expected to end by 2046. Therefore, it is expected to last for almost 4 decades. Thereafter, the population of Iran moves towards becoming old, to an unprecedented level in its history.In the demographic history of each country, demographic WINDOW opens once, and during the time it is open, it provides an exceptional opportunity for the development of the country. However, it is not automatic. It should be activated and guided. Demographic WINDOW becomes a demographic bonus only with appropriate preparation: policy-making, planning and correct implementation of programs.Several years, apparently unnoticed, passed since Iran entered its demographic WINDOW. Time is moving fast and this short time span becomes shorter. Therefore, it seems urgent to conduct required studies for the appropriate utilization of this unrepeatable opportunity for the development of the country.

Introduction The Land surface temperature is one of the most important factors in controlling the biological, chemical and physical processes of the earth. Land surface temperature data provide information about the spatial and temporal changes of the Land's surface on a global scale. Land surface temperature is used as the main parameter in many studies, including energy stock estimation, humidity and evapotranspiration, climate change, urban heat islands and environmental studies. Therefore, it is necessary to measure the temperature of the Land surface in order to plan its use. In general, LST investigation is important and necessary to deal with interdisciplinary issues in earth sciences, urban climatology, environmental changes and human-environment interactions. LST can provide important information about surface physical properties as well as climate, which plays a vital role in many environmental processes. In such a situation, LST maps, which are prepared from satellite images, are a desirable option because they provide a permanent data collection. Materials and methods Many algorithms have been used by researchers to estimate LST using satellite images, especially thermal bands. In this research, Split WINDOW and Mono WINDOW algorithms are used from Landsat 8 satellite images to obtain land surface temperature (LST) in Mashhad city. The purpose of this study was to investigate the spatial distribution of the Land surface temperature and also to determine an accurate method for preparing the Land surface temperature map. In the present study, using the Split WINDOW algorithm, the land surface temperature (LST) data was used from the TIRS sensor in Landsat 8. Also, in addition to TIRS, OLI sensor data are also needed to estimate LST when using the Split WINDOW algorithm. In the first stage, the OLI bands of Landsat 8, bands 3, 4 and 5 are layered on top of each other and the NDVI image is produced using bands 4 and 5. The FVC image is obtained using the NDVI image. FVC is calculated by considering the fraction of vegetation in the area. The split WINDOW algorithm uses the FVC image to generate the land surface emissivity (LSE) image. The LSE image measures the internal characteristics of the Land surface, which shows the ability to convert thermal energy into radiant energy. Estimating land surface emissivity (LSE) requires soil and vegetation emissivity for bands 10 and 11. LSE images from bands 10 and 11 are obtained separately and then the average and difference of LSE are calculated. The NDVI image is classified into soil and vegetation and is obtained separately for soil and vegetation. Landsat 8 has two TIRS bands. TB, or brightness temperature, is estimated for bands 10 and 11. The thermal calibration process is done by converting thermal digital numerical values (DN) of thermal bands 10 and 11 of the TIRS meter to spectral radiance of the atmosphere (TOA) and then to TB. Finally, LST is estimated using SW, TB, average LSE, LSE difference and water vapor constant. Results and discussion The results showed that the temperature of the Land surface calculated by the Mono-WINDOW and Split-WINDOW method compared to the air temperature calculated in the desired weather station showed a difference of 5. 1 and 1. 7 degrees Celsius respectively. Therefore, it can be said that the Split WINDOW method has higher accuracy and the temperature obtained from it is more consistent with the actual temperature. The regression analysis between the results obtained from these two algorithms for LST shows the value of R2 equal to 0. 96, as shown in Figure 8. The close correlation between the LST retrieved using the Split WINDOW algorithm, with the LST retrieved from the Mono WINDOW algorithm, shows that they can be transferred with a small accuracy error. The difference in LST estimation from Mono-WINDOW and Split-WINDOW algorithms can be attributed to the spectral bands and atmospheric water vapor content used in LST retrieval. The SW algorithm uses two spectral bands (band 10 and 11) with wavelengths of approximately 11 and 12 μ, m, while the Mono-WINDOW algorithm uses one spectral band (band 10) with a wavelength of approximately 11. 5 μ, m to retrieve LST. In addition, the SW Split WINDOW algorithm uses the water vapor content of the atmosphere, which represents the true value of the prevailing conditions at the site. On the other hand, the water vapor content of the atmosphere is not used in the Mono WINDOW algorithm. The water vapor content of the atmosphere is a sensitive parameter that affects the climate and the temperature of the Land surface. Since two spectral bands are used in the SW algorithm to determine the emission rate and brightness temperature, and these values are used together with the atmospheric water vapor content in LST retrieval, the SW algorithm is able to record the conditions in the region more accurately. and provide better results compared to the Mono WINDOW algorithm. Conclusion The results showed that the air temperature calculated by the Mono WINDOW and Split WINDOW method compared to the air temperature calculated in the desired weather station shows a difference of 1. 7 and 5. 1 degrees centigrade on average, respectively. Therefore, it can be said that the Split WINDOW method has a higher accuracy and the obtained temperature is more consistent with the actual temperature. The calculated LST values can differ by up to 5 degrees Celsius with the observed air temperature measurement at the station. In the parts covered with greenery, there are low LST values, while in the southeast with barren lands, non-cultivable lands and urban areas, there are high LST values. The results of this research can provide planners and experts with useful information about the temperature status of different regions where the possibility of building weather stations is impossible, and identifying regions with the potential to create thermal islands and its relationship with land use. and provide protection of natural resources.

In the architecture of various ethnic groups, WINDOWs are one of the main elements which are fundamental in forming the appearance and depicting the architectural characteristics of residential buildings. If WINDOWs contain environmental and cultural characteristics of where the building is located, they can present the architectural identity of that environment. In the structure of WINDOWs of traditional buildings such characteristics can be seen. However, with the progression of time, the increased use of disproportionate architectural features within buildings has created a lack of variety and cultural characteristics for WINDOWs. Without the ability to demonstrate the culture of the land they came from, WINDOWs have lost their historical role in our current everyday human life. Furthermore, most of the once recognized traditional WINDOWs have now lost their meaning and function amongst the majority within societies. To be able to understand better the concept of WINDOWs in traditional architecture it seems helpful to notice the literary meaning of the particular WINDOW in question. This includes its current and ancient synonyms in Persian and other languages. As most of human knowledge and experiences are saved in the form of words and terms, which are then continually transferred to other generations, it is necessary to draw such attention to languages. In the ancient Persian language, different types of grid that were placed to fill the space in wall openings or “light holes” (Rowzan) were called “Panjereh”, the word that is used nowadays for WINDOW. During this historical time other words were used to refer to and describe different types of WINDOWs. The word WINDOW usually gets its meaning in houses while in public and religious buildings they usually used “Rowzan”, meaning light gap. Additionally, some words used to refer to particular WINDOWs were denoted according to the name of the rooms or living spaces they were used in.These variations in the words that were once used to describe WINDOWs by their structural or functional means, exemplify the social and cultural relations and cultural richness of their historical time. This is confirmed by the use of such words in Persian literature and mystic poetry. In Persian, most of the words used for WINDOWs have meanings related to light and radiation. In some other languages as well the meaning of this word is related to environmental and climatic concepts. Despite the contemporary scientific belief regarding the importance of environmental issues affecting shape, size and variety of WINDOWs, our study reveals that shape and size of WINDOWs in Iran is more under the influence of architectural culture and living spaces that make other issues less important.

The system design of WINDOW air conditioner does not evolve in one day. Due to the continous efforts are taken by the refrigeration and air conditionging professionals, successful and economic models of WINDOW air conditioners are currently used. This paper states about the development of WINDOW air conditioner with phase change material and water as refrigerants. Developed air conditioner was tested for its thermal performance achievement. Outcomes specify that thermal comfort acheivement was in satisfactory levels. Predicted mean vote and percentage of people dissatisfied values were calculated and the results were in the range of neutral to a slight cooling, according to Americal Society of Heating and Refrigeration and Air conditioning standard 55.