In this paper a bisexual Galton-Watson branching process is studied. Monte Carlo method is purposed to calculate the extinction probability. For certain class of processes {Zn} extinction probability is calculated and simulated, when initially population size (Z0) has a different value, then results of two methods are compared.

Palliative care is one of the most basic care approaches for providing care to patients with life-threatening illnesses. Applying theories in palliative care provision results in such cares’ development and organization and guides health care providers in this direction. Oneof the caring theories that can be focusedonpalliative care isWatson’ shumancaring theory, which despite its applicability in palliative care, has not been studied much. Thus, this study aimed at assessing how to use this theory in palliative care that can be applied to health care providers in all clinical specialties and societies with different cultures.

In the Islamic philosophy and western philosophy, there are various explanations of the consistency between causal necessity and free will. The soul’s agency by manifestation for hierarchal willpowers, presented by Mulla Sadra as an explanation for this consistency, has considerable similarity to the view presented by Harry Frankfurt and Gary Watson (as another type of hierarchal approaches). These similarities are as follows: the role of hierarchal willpowers in strengthening human’s identity, the role of higher order willpowers in controlling the willpowers of the lower order and human’s actions, the hierarchal desires leading to a deep self as the main controller of those desires and willpowers, and no interference of the alternative possibilities (the possibility of available options) in the reality of free will. The important difference between Mulla Sadra’s approach and the two other approaches is that in Frankfurt and Watson’s approach, human’s deep self (as the ultimate origin of willpower) is not truly an essential thing; and this causes their hierarchal approach not to offer an acceptable answer for the drawback of vicious circle of willpowers; but in Mulla Sadra’s approach, this deep self is truly an essential thing that causes the hierarchal willpowers not to continue infinitely. Therefore, while Mulla Sadra’s approach enjoys the merits of Frankfurt and Watson’s approach in explaining the optional nature of willpower and controlling the desires, it lacks their drawback and is a more proper approach for consistency

Introduction: Based on human caring model, care should be a nursing value and should be evidence in ten carative factors between nurse and patient. Only in presence of these ten carative factors authentic care is done and client reaches to a higher level of equity and cure. It’s a teacher responsibility to make students familiar about the concept of care and it’s a requisite to know what it means in their perspective before. The aim of this article is assessing nursing students' perception of importance of caring nursing behaviors based on caring model.Methods: This is a descriptive study. The study tool Care-Q was given to all nursing students of Azad Islamic university branch of Saveh. 117 student were present at the time of study and they ordinate 50 caring behaviors written on distinct carts based on their importance in seven set not equal in their numbers. This tool based on human caring model of Watson categorized caring behaviours in six subgroups.Results: Most important subgroups in perceptions of these students were accessibility, explanation and facilitation, monitoring and control, expectation and expecting patient's needs, comfort and trusting communication. The most important behavior was" to give medications and therapeutic acts timely" and the least importance behavior were" to ask patient what does want to be called by".Conclusion: It is explainable that no experienced nursing students give highest importance to therapeutic caring behaviors but based on human caring model in the process of education in nursing, they should catch insights to a holistic and authentic care considering all ten carative factors of Watson's caring model. An appropriate nursing curriculum with a holistic perspective should facilitate the context for human caring behaviors between nurse and patient and with applying new learning methods.

Background: In the nursing profession, it is apparent that the definition of caring differs between various perspectives. This article compares the difference of caring in Islamic with the Parse and Watson theories. Materials and Methods: In this study, we use concept analyses of Walker–Avants and compare research methods. Material used is all Islamic documents. Results: According to Islamic documents, there are four major types of caring, namely, (1) God taking care of humans, (2) Humans taking care of themselves, (3) Other humans taking care of humans, and (4) The universe taking care of humans and vice versa. God caring for humans affects the three other types of caring. All three definitions of caring have humanistic and holistic view. According to Watson’s and Parse’s definition, the development of the caring theory is based on the person’s experiences that result from human interactions with, and experiences of, their environment. In Islamic definition, although the caring process is affected by environmental experiences and interactions, human not developed only base the effect of environment; rather, it is developed on the basis of human nature and divine commands. God taking care of humans is specific to Islamic perspective and is not found in other definitions. Islamic perspective maintains that God is the creator of humanity and is in charge of guiding humans. A superior form of human can always be discovered. Conclusions: Thus, nursing implementation in Muslims must be done based on Islamic commands, and Islamic commands are superior to human experiences. However, Islamic commands interpreted with human wisdom and thought can be striving toward excellence.