The present study probes into distinguishing factors of adopter and non-adopter farmers in cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants. The study population was farmers of Sari County. According to Krejcie and Morgan sample size table, 312 farmers (n1= 89, n2=61, NT = 150) were selected as a sample using stratified random sampling method. Research device was a self-administrated questionnaire. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a group of agricultural extension and education faculty members and then required amendments were made based on their suggestions. Cronbach's alpha was used to confirm the internal consistency of the items used for research measures and the results ranged from 0. 86 to 0. 94. The data were analyzed using SPSS20. This study revealed that the adoption rate of medicinal plants' cultivation is 59. 33%. The evidence also suggests a suitable fitness of the logistic regression model with quantitative data (Cox and Snell R2 = 0. 10, –, 2log likelihood = 187. 190). The results of the logistic regression model also illustrated that the variable knowledge (Exp (B)= 1. 88) has the greatest effect on the adoption of medicinal plants' cultivation. As a concluding remark, agricultural extension change agents were provided with some practical recommendations in order to be able to promote the cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants.

The agricultural sector is one of the fields in which the IoT is widely used. In order to use the IoT more effectively in agriculture, it is necessary to pay attention to the factors that make farmers tend to use it. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the constructs affecting the willingness to IoT by early adopter farmers in Tehran Province. This research is a descriptive survey and in terms of the purpose of the research it is considered an applied study. The statistical population was all early adopter farmers in Tehran province who were selected and introduced by the Ministry of Jihad Agriculture. The statistical population was 500 farmers and 221 cases were selected by simple random sampling. The sample size was calculated using the Cochran's formula. Respondents were also surveyed using a researcher-made questionnaire. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. Face, content, and construct (convergent and divergent) validity indices were used to assess the validity of the research tool. It is worth mentioning that the reliability of the instrument was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and Composite reliability indices. In this study, the variables perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, trust, social influence, perceived enjoyment, and perceived behavioral control were supposed to be the main influencing variables on the willingness to use the IoT. The convergent validity of the research variables, confirms the convergent validity of the questionnaire. In order to determine the reliability of the questionnaire, pilot study and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were used. Alpha coefficients of the research variables, demonstrate the acceptability of the reliability for the research tool. The results also revealed that the effects of perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, trust, social influence, and perceived behavioral control on the willingness to use IoT were significant. It is also worth mentioning that the effect of trust on the perceived usefulness of IoT was approved.

Crop residual management is an important aspect of conservation agriculture. Burning wheat crop residuals by farmers to prepare the land for the second crop in Fars province has been criticized as a non-sustainable practice. The main purpose of this paper was to investigate the adoption process of chopper- combine as an innovative alternative to prevent burning wheat crop residuals. A case study method was used to study the adoption process in Hasanabad village in Marvdasht county, Fars province. An extreme case sampling technique was used to select adopters and non-adopters. In-depth interview and field observation were used to collect data for this study. Five adopters and six non-adopters were interviewed. Findings showed that, factors such as time limitation for cultivating the second crop, lack of extension recommendation, lack of access to chopper-combine are the main reasons of burning wheat residuals. Introducing the varieties with shorter growing period, supportive policies like rewarding adopters, providing availability of suitable technologies are practicable strategies to improving crop residuals management. Finally the paper emphasizes the main causes of conservation technology adoption and describes the technical, economic, social and information reasons for non-adoption.

Small and scattered lands is considered as one of the main obstacles to agricultural development of Iran. The purpuse of this research is to identify factors affecting adoption of land consolidation among wheat growers in Shiraz. Using stratified random sampling and Cochran formula, 480 questionnaires were completed in 2011. The findings showed that the adopters have more access to extension services related to land consolidation and higher attitude regarding benefits of the project. Moreover, they are more intrested to participate in social activities and have more trust and solidarity. The results of logistic regression showed that attitude toward benefits of land consolidation has a positive effect on adoption of land consolidation by the farmers. Distance of lands with other parts and the gross income obtained from wheat sales as economic factors and social trust as social factor have positive effects on adoption of land consolidation. On the other hand, the average size of land, number of pieces of lands, the price of of farmland and steep of the parts have negative effects on the adoption of land consolidation.

One of the important issues of adoption institute is supervisor’ s marriage with adopted person. Although this subject is predicted in new Law on the Protection of Unsupervised and Bad-supervised Teens enacted in 2013, because of the silence of its executive regulation and disapproval of especial executive regulations in this regard, as well as the moral and social consequences of considering it as an absolute possibility, there is disagreement in practical precedent of judicial courts in this respect. In French law, child adoption is divided into two categories namely perfect and simple ones for each of which there are certain governing provisions. Perfect adopted child has no difference with real child in respect of marriage obstacles and simple adopted, although is prohibited from marrying his/her adopter, but in some cases can marry some family members of the adopter. In this article the possibility of marriage of unsupervised individuals with their supervisors is examined in French and Iranian laws and at last it is concluded that the marriage of adopted and adopter is prohibited in law of France. While, in Iranian law, paying attention to jurisprudential orders, Arts. 1045-1049 of the Iranian Civil Code and non-exhaustiveness of marriage obstacles, this marriage is not prohibited; however, note of Art. 26 of the aforementioned law (2013) has subjected this marriage to the permission of a competent court and observing the adopted child’ s interest. In this regard, in order to preventing ill consequences of such a marriage, the mechanism of governing or secondary orders can be applied for its absolute prohibition.

In the Common law system, after the Germanic-Romans tradition, this legal institution has been recognized and its various legal aspects have been formulated. Adoption in the Western legal system has many forms and its number is increasing daily. Lawyers, judges and legislators try to delineate the legal aspects associated with each of these forms. The institution of adoption as the provider of the interests of children and adolescents who have no guardian appointed or suffer from bad parenting has been considered by all legal systems in the world. In Iranian law, as guardianship and in Islamic law, as custody, it has a special but not very clear position. One of the legal issues related to adoption is the issue of inheritance between the child and the legitimate father and his relatives on the one hand and the adopted child and her/his guardian and relatives on the other, an issue that in Iranian law, relying on the silence of the legislature, and the universally accepted views of experts in jurisprudence and law, does not provide for the mutual interest of the adopted child and the guardian, and therefore requires further examination. In the present study, an attempt is made to initiate a new perspective into the issue of securing the interests of the child from the guardian's property after his death and vice versa by examining the existing approaches in the laws and precedent in the United Kingdom and the United States regarding the issue of inheritance in various forms of adoption.

Child adoption in Iran has always been directly related with the religious beliefs of the society and has had a particular importance since the ancient times up to now. According to the civil law of the society, those children are competent to be adopted whose parents are not identifiable and they cannot return to the warm bosom of their families. One of the most significant and first rights of the orphans and the children suffering from bad parenting as a citizen is their identification and giving their custody and tutelage to individuals who are materially and spiritually competent to protect these children. These children either do not have any parents or their parents are not known or are not competent enough to raise the child. Thus, judicial authorities under the supervision of social institutions give their protectorship to individuals or families whose competency has been already proven based on the social rules and laws. In this study using a descriptive-analytic method we have conducted a research on the citizenship rights of the orphans and the children who are suffering from bad parenting as well as the obligations and duties of the society and child adopters on them according to the legal codes of Iran and Islam resorting to the existing databases and library documents.

The social insurance system has been a necessity in rural life during the last few decades considering its role in sustainability of activities and improvement of the quality of rural life. The present study tries to explain the adoption of social insurance among the farmers of Ghorveh and Dehgolan counties of Kordestan province. The sample was selected by multi stage cluster sampling method proportionate to size among 170 adopter and 260 non adopter farmers and required data was collected by a questionnaire. The study results indicated that factors related to the adoption of social insurance can be summarized in these main factors: household economic potential, farmer's lack of trust, household human capital, the level of rural development and following others. These variables entered in a linear logit model and predicted 75% of the probability of adoption. Also the results showed that there were no significant differences between the adopter and non adopter farmers considering the influence of the two factors, lack of trust to adoption and the level of rural development.

Nowadays, "Child adoption" has become common due to the fact than many men or women are infertile. Thus, couples accept to bring up a kid who is not their biological child. Child adoption creates a kind of pure legal and not a natural relationship between the child and the parents. It is a decision that is made in response to the innate desire to have children or due to social requirements. Despite its positive effects, child adoption might bring about problems and challenges if it is not carried out properly and within the framework of Sharia. These problems include Hurmah (a term in Islamic jurisprudence which means there must be non-intimacy between a man and a woman who are not related biologically or by marriage) due to lack of biological relationships or relationships by marriage between adopting parents and adopted children, parents' not being responsible to pay alimony and lack of inheritance relationship between parents and their adopted children. Therefore, it seems necessary to conduct jurisprudential and legal studies on the topic. In this study, which adopts a descriptive analytical method, problems and challenges facing child adoption are explained by scrutinizing the rules and regulations in the Islamic jurisprudence and law that are related to the topic. Then, some solutions to prevent the problems of non-intimacy, non-inheritance and non-necessity of paying alimony are introduced or suggested.