Nowadays, famous persons of media world, can give their picture, video footage and name to goods and services providers for advertising and receive financial reward in return and by doing so, they use their media reputation as a valuable commodity. In the legal systems of different countries, the right to use famousness by individuals, is recognized as a "right", although, there is no consensus about its legality. Some, considers this right as a mere financial right and acknowledges the commodification of fame in today's society, and others considers it as one of the rights related to personality and do not look at it from financial perspective. In this case, the question is, in which of the dichotomy of property-personal rights, should this right be placed? The hypothesis of this paper is based on the fact that one can’ t raise any doubts on the dependence of fame on a person's personality and identity, nor deny its financial function in today's society. Therefore, the financial components of the right, should be adjusted with regard to both components, taking into account the requirements related to personality rights.

Aims and Backgrounds With no healthy environment available, no security would be complete, no health would be achievable, and no comfort would be imaginable. This is why,governments as guardians to protect geographical environment in addition to national interests have an important responsibility to abide by. However, through study of performance of all governments in the field, it is obvious that despite all differences and contradictions at internal and international levels,similar policies in terms of protecting the environment have been followed by them i. e. considering the environment as a commodity and taking an instrumentalism approach towards it. Considering legislation and administration power held by governments, the approach leads to an outstanding question: “, How governments are expected to criminalize and punish those behaviors practiced by them or providing interests considered as pleasant by them? ”,Methodology In the research and through descriptive-analytical method using library and document sources, crimes committed by governments in terms of the environment have been dealt with in addition to necessity for identification of their criminal liabilities so that an interdisciplinary research between the environment and criminal law would be performed. Findings Governments’,behaviors performed within the range of damages imposed by them to the environment is worthy of being excluded from criminal immunity,and, they have to transparently be found accountable proportionate to the level of environmental damage and harm imposed by them on the environment. So, abeyance of damages resulted from wrong policies followed by governments against the environment and them kept immune from criminal prosecution are from among legal problems and gaps in terms of sustainability of environment and natural geography. Conclusion From behavioral consequents of governments in the field of environmental crimes, it can be concluded that they are happy with industrial productions and economic progress and usually they tend not to protect the environment. Understanding the reality of contradiction existing between protection of environment and gaining economic benefits and the point that governments mostly select the second one,we are in need of wide range modification in terms of governments’,behaviors.

In this article, the policymaking of higher education in the 2000s in Iran and the commodification of knowledge are discussed. The main indicator of the commodification of knowledge is defined in the type of financial relationship between the student and the university. The more the university's funding and expenses are financed by the student, the more commoditization has occurred. The research method for this study was historical-documentary, and data was collected by referring to first-hand or second-hand sources. The findings of this study showed: During the 2000s, the amount of student enrollment in the tuition fee section has increased by 146%. While in the free tuition section, only 32% increase in the amount of student recruitment has taken place. In explaining the causes of commodification of knowledge in the 2000s, there are two main reasons that together explain the situation. The first factor is higher education and privatization policymaking, and downsizing of the government after the revolution. The second factor is the increase in the age range of applicants for higher education in the 2000s.

Introduction In the society of Iran, health is a valuable commodity which is sold in the market. In this situation, we can speak about “ commodification of health” . The result of commodification will be treating it as something for obtaining benefits. In such a condition, Monetization, market values and inequality will increase. It seems that the Iranian society gradually have had some paradigm changes in heath discourse and the government’ s economic withdrawal in general supplying of health services and expansion of the private sector in the health system. In this discourse the patient is considered as a costumer who must provide the expenses of his health and treatment. Furthermore, health is considered as a personal commodity rather than a public one which all people have the right of access to it. In such a system, instead of patient’ s need, patient’ s purchasing power is the criterion for access to health services. Therefore, the current study is that what are the consequences of health commodification for the elderly as the regular consumers of health system? Method This study has been done through “ Qualitative Research” and “ in-depth and Semi-Structured Interviews” with 28 elderly people in Tehran (people over 65 years old). To identify the elderly has been used a combination of purposeful samplings such as “ Maximum Variation Sampling” and “ Theoretical sampling” . The Maximum Variation sampling is used for finding the elderly in various types and theoretical sampling is used to achieve conceptual saturation. Finally, the interview data were coded and categorized by “ Thematic analysis” . Besidesthe qualitative research, the health related documents have been investigated. Results and discussion The results indicated that classified health, poor governmental health system and ignored the poor elderly are amongst the consequences of commodification of health for the elderly in low social classes and at last will be resulted in exclusion and ignorance of the poor elderly. Other consequences of commodification of health can be pointed to the feeling of class exclusion, increasing poverty among the poor people, removing health from consumption basket, financial inability of the poor and turn to self-curing. The greatest victims of the health system are the poor and ill elderly who because of their age are the fixed customers of the health and treatment system. As the poor elderly live in an insecure and inflammatory economic society, will be resulted in providing some essentials for their life and sometimes they will remove health services from their consumption basket. commodification of health will be resulted in classified health and it will be continued to the classified differences in having access to health services. As a result of all this differences and inequalities the experience of ageing in the Iranian society will turn into a multiple experience and the rich elderly have a good access to the commodified health system. As a result, the economic capital is considered as an important factor in the ageing experience. Conclusion In commodification of health condition, the poor elderly share is nothing but exclusion. Nowadays the Iranian government needs to be more responsible for the poor elderly. The Iranian government must de-commodification of health services and consider it as an essential commodity. Furthermore, paying attention to Prevention and general care besides cure in social health policy for the elderly is important.

Introduction: The situation in societies where inequality is prevalent manifests itself in ways in which inequality is assumed to be natural and related to the socioeconomic status of individuals and social groups, the space that establishes relationships, produces and reproduces inequality. This causes many changes at the community level that go beyond the individual and family dimensions and also shape social, economic and cultural structures and relationships. One of the most important areas is education, which has always been studied theoretically and empirically and has been subject to changes and developments. One of these changes, which has become an instrument for important and constructive change through the educational institution and its philosophy, is the “commodification” of education. Generally, this term is used to describe how a consumer culture is created in daily life through a series of clever and hidden processes that encompass all aspects of the existence of social life. In other words, education has come under the control of the economic sphere and, as a link in the chain, has influenced the system of inequality. Therefore, taking into account the approaches of Marx, Lukacs and Polani to the commodification and domination of market relations, we try to formulate this concept. Using these descriptions, we can ask: “Under what conditions has commodification occurred in education in suburban Sanandaj, and in what social context does it create inequality? And how do education administrators and teachers in these neighborhoods interpret the status quo?”Method: The method used in this study, which is objectively grounded, is critical ethnography derived from Karaspiken’s five-step methodology, which aims to critique and change the status quo. The study area was the suburb of Sanandaj and data collection was done through semi-structured interviews with 35 teachers and directors of education in the city of Sanandaj.Findings: Findings indicate that the monolog-based data (initial and general assumptions of the researchers) are consistent with and confirm the data obtained from the interviews (dialog-based). Interpretation of the data concepts suggests four secondary categories: Differentiation through education, tendency toward private education in upscale urban areas, limited access to educational facilities and opportunities in marginalized areas, and extreme poverty of marginalized families. Analysis of these secondary categories shows that education has become an important tool to differentiate upper class families from other families in other areas, including marginalized areas. The tendency of the upper and affluent classes to “special schools,” “remedial classes,” “nonprofit schools,” and “private teacher employment,” as well as the “purchase of educational and cultural products,” etc., show the distinction that students make. Marginal areas have less or no share in these facilities. This occurs in a situation where, due to the commodification of education and the privatization of education, the inclination of upper class families to private and non-government schools has increased. This is less common in marginalized areas. Due to the economic and cultural poverty of families, public schools with low facilities for students and their families are prevalent in these areas. This is related to the neglect and institutional rejection of education manifested in inadequate resources and facilities in marginalized areas.Conclusion: The explanation of these categories indicates that not everyone has access to education and the resulting inequality is exacerbated, especially in marginalized areas. Therefore, if we are to adopt a solution and proposal to address urban inequality, we must first address educational inequality to provide access to education for all while improving facilities and opportunities in the suburbs.

Today, the one-dimensional view of place and space on the one hand, and the view of capital and market economy in the absence of government control and restrictions, on the other hand, is the basis for the commodification of rural spaces, especially in tourism spaces. Based on this, the present research has analyzed the effects of commodification in Shandiz tourism area. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on spatial analysis models such as density patterns, hot spot analysis models and spatial autocorrelation. The necessary information in the long term (1380-1400) has been obtained through GIS data and in the short term (1396-1400) using Sentinel satellite images. Also, in order to analyze the data, ArcGIS and TerrSet softwares were used. The obtained results show that in the period of 20 years and as a result of the commodification of villages in Shandiz region, about 700 hectares of agricultural lands and gardens have been changed, of which 39.55% have been converted into natural areas. 10.45% turned into roads and 21.82% turned into barren lands. The results of the analysis of hot spots showed that the greatest change of use occurred in the western axis of Shandiz towards the summer residences of Abardeh village. Finally, the results show that in 197 hectares (28.18%) of the lands of Shandiz region, the commodification of the village has happened as a result of tourism, which has led to land use changes in these areas.The city of Shandiz is located 15 kilometers west of Mashhad metropolis, which is the main center of leisure and tourism due to its location in the northern slopes of the Binalud highlands and having a mild climate, natural scenery, and the presence of villas. Due to the favorable location of this city in the vicinity of Mashhad, huge investments and projects have been made in the tourism sector, among which we can mention the Shandiz Phenomenon super project. Also, the presence of gardens and mild climate has greatly increased the number of garden villas and rural second homes in this area, which has caused the gradual growth of land prices in Shandiz area. Therefore, under the influence of profit-profit flow, in recent years, it has brought about many changes in the land market sector and changing the use of agricultural-horticultural lands. Therefore, the present study tries to analyze the changes in the agricultural and horticultural lands as a result of the commodification of the village in Shandiz region and to answer the question that how much of the agricultural and horticultural lands of Shandiz has become the subject of village commodification and this Where are the areas located?The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of the nature of the method. In order to measure the commodification of villages in the study area on land use changes, two long-term periods of 20 years (1380-1400) and five-year short-term periods (1396-1400) were chosen, which in the long term is due to the lack of sensor images. TM and ETM of Landsat satellite with optimal spatial resolution (30 meters) were used in the spatial resolution of the region from GIS data. But in the short term, due to the high quality of spatial resolution of the images (spatial resolution of 10 meters), Sentinel-2 satellite images have been used. Also, ArcGIS, TerrSet and Sentinel-2 satellite images were used for data analysis.Also, in order to reveal the location of new uses, hot spot analysis from Gettys-Ord.J statistics has been used. In this statistic, the calculated Z score shows in which areas the uses are clustered with high or low values. The conceptual framework of this analysis works in such a way that if a complication has a high value, it is important, but this does not mean that it is a hot spot. A hot spot complication is considered when both the complication itself and the neighboring complications are statistically significant. The Z score for the final output will be obtained when the local sum of the complication and its neighbor is relatively compared with the total sum of the complications.The results of examining the pattern of spatial distribution of built uses as the commodification of the village in Shandiz show that Moran's index is 1.1. Also, the z-score value is 528.8, which according to the p-value is 0.00, the spatial distribution of users follows the cluster pattern. In fact, the results show that due to the increase in land prices and the commodification of the village in Shandiz, which has occurred due to the boom in the tourism industry in this region, in some axes such as Abardeh villas and the east-west axis of Shandiz, many agricultural lands and Gardens have turned into uses such as restaurants, rural second homes, leisure centers, etc.

Introduction: In sociology, art is regarded as a social phenomenon and a qualitative affair; it is considered as a historical construct which is intertwined with other aspects of human social life. During the course of history, art and works of art have always had a superior value in every society. Examination into art has been substantially important to researchers as well. Given the industrialization of societies, emergence of modernity and empowerment of capitalists systems in the world, focus on the market, commodification, and monetary exchanges between societies, the field of arts has also witnessed a number of vast changes. As cultural actors and artistic narrators, music educators are responsible for training the future generation and transferring their art to impending eras; to realize their thoughts and ideas, these artists would put forms, shapes, and various principles into test. Subsequently, conventions and aesthetic principles are born out of these experiences, explorations of form, and the use of different materials. The history of arts demonstrate the experiences of such artist. Accordingly, the present study seeks to offer theorization regarding the grounds for the emergence of the commodification of arts and the perceived implications of such commodification by art masters in Azerbaijan Sharghi using the phenomenology approach while following an inductive reasoning...