In this paper, we study the notions of endo-semiprime and endo-cosemiprime modules and obtain some related results. For instance, we show that in a right self-injective ring R, all nonzero ideals of R are endo-semiprime as right (left) R-modules if and only if R is semiprime. Also, we prove that both being endo-semiprime and being endo-cosemiprime are Morita invariant properties.

The actual relationship between periodontal and pulpal disease was first described by Simring and Goldberg in 1964. Since then, the term "perio-endo" lesion has been used to describe lesions due to inflammatory products found in varying degrees in both the periodontium and the pulpal tissues. The pulp and periodontium have embryonic, anatomic and functional inter-relationships. The simultaneous existence of pulpal problems and inflammatory periodontal disease can complicate diagnosis and treatment planning. A perio-endo lesion can have a varied pathogenesis which ranges from quite simple to relatively complex one. Knowledge of these disease processes is essential in coming to the correct diagnosis. This is achievable by careful history taking, examination and the use of special tests. The prognosis and treatment of each endodontic-periodontal disease type varies. Primary periodontal disease with secondary endodontic involvement and true combined endodontic-periodontal diseases require both endodontic and periodontal therapies. The prognosis of these cases depends on the severity of periodontal disease and the response to periodontal treatment. This enables the operator to construct a suitable treatment plan where unnecessary, prolonged or even detrimental treatment is avoided.

Background: Though endoscopic ultrasound is used more frequently for evaluation of upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract lesions, but it has many utilities for lower GI diseases. The aim of this study was to report the results of endo-anal sonography in 108 patients who underwent the procedure.Methods: 108 patients, who underwent endoscopic ultrasound of the lower GI tract, were retrospectively studied. Patients were divided into three groups. Group 1: patients with gas or fecal incontinence, group 2: patients with rectal cancer, and group thee: patients with suspected perianal fistulas and abscesses. Results: A total of 108 patients (45 men) with a mean age of 37.9 were enrolled. Group 1 comprised of 68 patients (17 men, 51 women). External or internal anal sphincter lesion was diagnosed in 61 of them. Group 2 consisted of 24 patients (16 men, 8 women). Stage 1 (T1 NO) of rectal tumor was diagnosed in 3 patients. Their tumor was treated with local excision. T1 stage was confirmed in 2 of them. Group 3 comprised of 16 patients in whom peri-anal fistulas and abscesses was diagnosed using endosonography. Conclusion: Endoscopic ultrasonography is a useful diagnostic test for lower GI tract diseases, and physicians should be familiar with its indications.

Background & Aim: Extrusion of debris from apex is one of the main factors of flare up (inflammation, pain or combination of both). Various studies have been conducted toward the amount of debris extrusion but no one compared this drawback on one – shape and xp-shaper system in curved root canals. So, this study aimed to determine the amount of apical debris extrusion following preparation of canal by one-shape or xp-shaper in curved canals of mesiobuccal root in mandibular first molars.Material & Method: This experimental study was done on 34 mandibular first molars with 30 to 40 degree curved mesiobuccal root canal. The samples were randomly divided in two groups. First group had one –shape for root canal preparation while the other had xp-shaper. Roots of the teeth were fixed in pre weighted fluxes till cervical area so that all apical debris were collected in vials. After desiccation process, the vials were weighted again. The difference between original and secondary weight of vials containing debris is considered as weight of debris extrusion. Data were analyzed using T-test.Results: Amount of debris extrusion in one– shape group was 0.018±0.014 and in xp-shaper group was 0.01±0.007 and the difference was statistically significant (0.01).Conclusion: Considering the situation and limitation of this in vitro study, xp-shaper rotary system was associated with less debris extrusion compared to one – shape systems.

Prosthetic tricuspid valve is an obstacle to implant cardiac devise. Cardiac Resynchronization therapy is one of the most popular therapies for heart failure patients these days. We present this case of prosthetic tricuspid valve and left ventricular dysfunction which we overcome the problem by implanting two leads to coronary sinus branches. Patient improved in few months of follow up.

Introduction: This randomized clinical trial aimed to determine whether the XP-endo finisher combined with or without foraminal enlargement has any significant effect on the incidence and intensity of postoperative pain in necrotic pulps. Materials and Methods: Clinical pain levels were measured after 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours and at 7 postoperative days. All treatments were performed by an endodontist in a single visit. One hundred and twenty patients were included. All patients had a single tooth treated. The patients were divided into four groups: No FE (None Foraminal Enlargement) (n=30), FE (Foraminal Enlargement) (n=30), No FE+XPF (None Foraminal Enlargement+XP-endo Finisher) (n=30) and XPF+FE (XP-endo Finisher and Foraminal Enlargement) (n=30). The canals were irrigated with sodium hypochlorite, shaped using WaveOne Gold Medium file, and then filled by using a matching single cone and AH-Plus sealer. The cavity was filled using glass ionomer cement. Pain intensity was assessed using the visual analog scale. The data were analyzed with the ANOVA and Games-Howell test. The significance level was 5%. Results: The XPF+FE group experienced a higher level of pain, being classified on the visual analog scale as moderate for 48 postoperative hours and mild for 7 postoperative days (P<0. 05). In the other groups, the pain was mild, only with different time intervals (P>0. 05). Conclusions: Foraminal enlargement associated with XP-endo Finisher may cause moderate postoperative pain.

Introduction: Malignant sellar gliomas are very rare phenomena. To date, only few cases of sellar and suprasellar glioblastomas have been reported, most of which originate from the optic nerve or optic chiasm. Case Presentation: We present a 34-year-old woman with malignant endo-suprasellar glioma, originating from the pituitary stalk, which was initially classified as a macroprolactinoma. Conclusions: Although malignant sellar gliomas can mimic the clinical, endocrinological, and radiological features of pituitary macroadenomas, rapid progression without appropriate hormonal activity suggests their diagnosis. Considering the high malignant potential of sellar glioblastomas, it is important to discuss the specific features of these tumors and to investigate the possibility of differential diagnosis in the preoperative stage, which can be useful for early selection of the treatment plan.

Endo-perio lesions, resulting from the complex interaction of endodontic and periodontal infections, present significant clinical challenges due to their intertwined pathology, diagnostic difficulties, and limitations of conventional treatments. This review comprehensively explores the emerging role of polymeric nanocarriers as advanced drug delivery systems for the effective management of endo-perio lesions. Polymeric nanocarriers exhibit unique advantages, including enhanced drug stability, targeted and sustained release, improved bioavailability, and deep penetration into biofilms and periodontal pockets, which overcome the shortcomings of traditional therapies. The review discusses the pathophysiology of endo-perio lesions, the various types of polymeric nanocarriers such as nanoparticles, nanogels, micelles, dendrimers, and polymeric films, and their applications in delivering antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, regenerative, and novel therapeutic agents. Recent advances in multifunctional polymeric nanocarriers combining antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and regenerative approaches are highlighted, along with challenges related to biocompatibility, scalability, and regulatory frameworks. Future perspectives emphasize the integration of stimuli-responsive nanocarriers, precision medicine, and theranostic platforms for personalized periodontal therapy. This article underscores the transformative potential of polymeric nanocarriers to revolutionize endo-perio lesion management, advocating for further interdisciplinary research and clinical translation to realize their full therapeutic benefits.

Introduction: This study evaluated the effect of central cavitation depth and the presence of ferrule on the mechanical retention of zirconia endo-crowns. Methods: A mandibular molar was selected and scanned after different preparations. The preparation designs were grouped as follows: Group 1 (Control): Full coverage complete crown, group 2 (EF4): endo-crown with 4 mm central cavity depth and ferrule, group 3 (E4): butt joint endo-crown with 4 mm central cavity depth, group 4 (E2): butt joint endo-crown with 2 mm central cavity depth, and group 5 (EF2): endo-crown with 2 mm central cavity depth and ferrule. Then zirconia copings were made using computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) and cemented by glass ionomer. After thermocycling, the specimens were subjected to a tensile test along the axis and at an angle of 30°, . Results: All restorations in E2 were deboned during thermocycling. There was no significant difference between the other groups in pulling-out forces. Pulling-out forces under the axial test were 75. 7 N, 84. 7 N, 98. 7 N, and 80. 9 N, and under the lateral force were 21. 2 N, 27. 5 N, 35. 4 N, and 28. 5 N, for the control, E4, EF4, and EF2 groups, respectively. The difference in pulling-out forces was not significant between the control, E4, EF4, and EF2 groups (P=0. 46). Conclusion: The presence of ferrule increased mechanical retention to some extent. It appears that peripheral reduction in the aims of gaining a ferrule may increase mechanical retention in teeth with shallow cavity depths.