The dried fruit of Terminalia chebula is widely used for its laxative properties. The objective of the present study was to examine the flowability and compressibility of Terminalia chebula fruit powder, subsequently developing its tablet formulations by utilizing wet granulation and direct compression technology. Initial studies on flowability and compressibility revealed that the fruit powder flows poorly, is poorly compressible and mucilaginous in nature. The consolidation behaviors of the fruit powder and of its tablet formulations were studied using the Kawakita, Heckel and Leuenberger equations. Kawakita analysis revealed reduced cohesiveness hence improved flowability was achieved in formulations prepared by direct compression and the wet granulation technique. The Heckel plot showed that the Terminalia chebula fruit powder when formulated using direct compression showed initial fragmentation followed by plastic deformation and that the granules exhibited plastic deformation without initial fragmentation. The compression susceptibility parameter obtained from the Leuenberger equation for compacts formed by using the direct compression and wet granulation techniques indicated that the maximum crushing strength is reached faster and at lower compression pressures. The Tannin content (with reference to standard tannin) in fruit powder and tablet formulations was determined by UV spectrophotometry at 273 nm. The in-vitro dissolution study in simulated SGF (without enzymes) showed more than a 90% release of tannin from the tablets with in 1 h. The brittle fracture index value revealed that tablets prepared from granules showed less fracture tendency in comparison to those formed by direct compression formulation. From this study, it was concluded that the desired flowability, compressibility and compactibility of Terminalia chebula fruit powder can be obtained by using the direct compression and wet granulation techniques.

The dried fruit of Terminalia chebula is widely used for its laxative properties. The objective of the present study was to examine the flowability and compressibility of Terminalia chebula fruit powder, subsequently developing its tablet formulations by utilizing wet granulation and direct compression technology. Initial studies on flowability and compressibility revealed that the fruit powder flows poorly, is poorly compressible and mucilaginous in nature. The consolidation behaviors of the fruit powder and of its tablet formulations were studied using the Kawakita, Heckel and Leuenberger equations. Kawakita analysis revealed reduced cohesiveness hence improved flowability was achieved in formulations prepared by direct compression and the wet granulation technique. The Heckel plot showed that the Terminalia chebula fruit powder when formulated using direct compression showed initial fragmentation followed by plastic deformation and that the granules exhibited plastic deformation without initial fragmentation. The compression susceptibility parameter obtained from the Leuenberger equation for compacts formed by using the direct compression and wet granulation techniques indicated that the maximum crushing strength is reached faster and at lower compression pressures. The Tannin content (with reference to standard tannin) in fruit powder and tablet formulations was determined by UV spectrophotometry at 273 nm. The in-vitro dissolution study in simulated SGF (without enzymes) showed more than a 90% release of tannin from the tablets with in 1 h. The brittle fracture index value revealed that tablets prepared from granules showed less fracture tendency in comparison to those formed by direct compression formulation. From this study, it was concluded that the desired flowability, compressibility and compactibility of Terminalia chebula fruit powder can be obtained by using the direct compression and wet granulation techniques.

This study investigated the flowability and compactability of the milled Ti-Cu alloys as a new version of  biomedical alloys used for fabrication via Additive Manufacturing. In this study, Ti- 50 at. % Cu powder was first milled for different durations, and the morphology, microhardness, size, flowability, and compactability of the powder were assessed. The results indicated that while flowability increased with prolonged milling time, compressibility decreased owing to a decrease in the plastic deformation capacity. The highest flowability level was obtained when hard TiCu phase was synthesized after 30 hours of milling. Different linear and nonlinear compaction equations were used to investigate the densification response of TiCu powder in a rigid mold during uniaxial compression. Cooper-Eaton nonlinear equation was found to be the best fit compared to the linear equation. The contribution of particle rearrangement to the densification behavior was high, and it increased upon increasing the applied pressure. At pressures below 1200 MPa, the contribution of plastic deformation to the powder densification was negligible.

Direct tableting has been renewed as a preferable process by simply mixing and compressing powder to save time and cost in comparison with granule tableting. Direct compression tableting as a technique has been successfully applied to numerous drugs on the industrial scale, although the success of any procedure, and resulting mechanical properties of tablets, is strongly affected by the quality of the crystals used. Good flowability, packability and compactability are prerequisite for drug to be prepared by direct tableting. When the mechanical properties of the drug particles are inadequate a primary granulation is necessary. The use of spherical crystallization as a technique appears to be an efficient alternative for obtaining suitable particles for direct tableting. Spherical crystallization is a particle design technique, by which crystallization and agglomeration can be carried out simultaneously in one step and which has been successfully utilized for improvement the micromeritic properties of crystalline drugs. In this review, we will discuss how the micromeritic properties of the particles such as flowability, packability and compactability can be improved by spherical crystallization technique.

The research focused on enhancing the preservation and flowability of palm date powder using isomalt-incorporated polyvinyl alcohol (PVAC/ISO) films for food storage applications. Various concentrations of isomalt (ISO) were integrated into PVAC films, and their properties were thoroughly analyzed. The incorporation of ISO led to significant changes in the films' characteristics, including increased thickness (from 0.09 mm for pure PVAC to 0.31 mm for PVAC/ISO3) and moisture content (from 10.15% in PVAC to 16.36% in PVAC/ISO3). Mechanical properties also improved, with tensile strength reaching 84.95 MPa and elongation at break increasing to 79.38% for PVAC/ISO2. Additionally, antioxidant properties were enhanced, as evidenced by the total phenolic content of 128.09 µg/g, DPPH radical scavenging activity of 21.55%, and ABTS radical scavenging activity of 38.21% for PVAC/ISO3. The films showed a significant reduction in water vapor permeability (2.756 × 10−10 g. m−1 s-1 pa−1 for PVAC/ISO3) and increased solubility in water (32.68% for PVAC/ISO3). Furthermore, the biodegradability of the films in moist soil conditions improved with the addition of ISO. The storage tests with palm date powder demonstrated that PVAC/ISO films effectively maintained the powder's flowability and prevented moisture-induced caking, confirming their potential as an effective food packaging material for powdered food products. This study highlights the benefits of using PVAC/ISO films in extending the shelf life and preserving the quality of palm date powder while also offering a sustainable solution for the packaging industry. However, further studies are needed to explore the long-term stability and applicability to other hygroscopic food products.