Introduction: Mutational events may have an indirect effect on genome stability, which is transmitted through the germ line of chemically or physically exposed parents to their offspring. The consequences of germ cell mutations in subsequent generations include genetically determined phenotypic alterations without signs of illness, or reduction in fertility, or embryonic or prenatal death, more or less severe congenital malformations, or genetic diseases with various degrees of health impairment. The aim of this study was the effect of induction of DNA damage during spermatogenesis cycle and preovulatory stage oocyte on the frequency of chromosomal abnormalities in preimplantation embryos generated by damaged sperm or oocyte.Materials and Methods: DNA damage was induced in male NMRI mice using gamma-rays, and then mated with non irradiated super-ovulated female mice in 6 successive weeks after irradiation in a weekly interval. In experiments involving irradiation of both male and female mice, irradiated male mice for 6 weeks post-irradiation were mated with female mice irradiated after induction of super-ovulation. Standard methods were used to prepare slides from pre-embryos for chromosome and micronucl study.Results: The rate of both aneuploidy and MN observed in embryos generated from irradiated male compared to control group dramatically increased (p<0.01). Frequency of aneuploidy and MN in embryos generated by mating both male and female irradiated mice was higher than that observed for those embryos generated by irradiated male mice alone. Cells at early spermatogenetic cycle were more sensitive to radiation and led to higher frequency of aneuploidy and micronuclei.Conclusion: Results indicate that induction of DNA damage in gonads during spermatogenesis and pre-ovulatory stage oocytes may lead to unstable chromosomal aberrations and probably stable chromosomal abnormalities affecting pairing and disjunction of chromosomes in successive preimplantation embryos expressed as aneuploidy and micronuclei. These types of chromosomal alterations may lead to impaired embryonic and fetal developments.

A global Slowdown, rising oil prices, and monetary tightening in industrial countries may lead to net capital outflows which accentuate high ratios of short-term to total external debt.This paper focuses on finding consistent indicators of financial instability. Knowledge of these indicators should assist attempts to implement institutional financial reform and improve an economy's resilience to shocks. It is highly useful to provide policy-makers with tools that measure financial crises, and in particular, to examine how macroeconomic aggregates behave during episodes of financial instability cycles. This is the objective of what follows and these indicators signal the variables that need to be monitored for effective policy responses to emerging financial difficulties.

Most theories in Social Sciences have aspects of causality, but understanding the causes of social phenomena is not possible through statistical correlation tests. To overcome this problem, fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis was developed to identify the cause of social phenomena. Having qualitative roots, this method tests the necessary and sufficient causes for the emergence of a social phenomenon. The present article seeks to identify the political causes of instability. To achieve this goal, a wide range of political variables affecting political instability were first derived from the theories of social sciences. Then these variables were tested experimentally by comparing 183 countries in the world. The results indicated that the following four variables out of 18 political ones are the causes of political instability: lack of rule of law, government corruption, lack of elite consensus and undemocratic political culture.

Functions of seminal vesicle, prostate and bilateral testes can be determined by parameters of sperm analysis. However traditional spermiogram and classical morphological sometimes fail in certain prediction of reproductive outcome of infertile men. Nevertheless sperm DNA might comprise many useful clinical parameters and predictors for reproductive outcome. Conversely to loose structure of chromatin in somatic cells, chromatin is tightly compacted in human sperm. Sperm DNA damage caused by factors such as reactive oxygen species, febrile disease, testicular hyperthermia, varicoceles, drugs, chemotherapy, radiation, genital tract infections, environmental causes, genetic deficiencies and hormonal factors. There are several tests such as TUNEL, COMET assays, SCSA verify sperm DNA damage by detecting DNA breaks and decreased ratio of protamine/histone or the susceptibility to denaturation. Increased sperm DNA damage has been shown to be related with poor reproductive outcome. Some of the studies indicated only affected fertilization rates whereas other reported both poor embryo quality, and lower ongoing pregnancy rates. More or less the studies met on some topics that till four cell stage embryonic genome is not activated and resulting in unaffected embryo morphology before this stage. As well today recovery of sperm DNA damage by oocyte after fertilization forming healthy embryonic genome up to several damage degrees has been claimed. Therefore in the future sperm DNA damage seemed to have a severe role in assisted reproduction especially in selection of treatment choice.