The aim of this article is the study of the etymology of two middle Iranian words, one from Middle Persian and the other from Sogdian. There is no suggestion as a derivation for the MP. madrm, and the previously suggested one for the Sog. mazn is questionable to the author of this essay. By investigating the texts including these words and considering phonological processes in MP. and Sogdian, an etymology have been suggested for each of these words. The response to the question why among too many words of these languages just these two specific words are selected is in their first component which, from the view point of  the author, is the Avestan preposition ma. These two cases are the only examples for the existence of the OIr. word in the middle Iranian languages.

The purpose of this study was to construct and standardize an academic achievement test for Year 1 Mathematics at high schools. A sample of 1000 students (500 girls, 500 boys) was randomly selected and subjects were matched by sex, region, and educational setting.Research instrument was a 400-item Moths scale with four subscales developed by the researchers.Reliability of subscales ranged from .90 to .98. Content validity of the scale was satisfactory. The Kelly method was used to modify the instrument by removing inappropriate items. Results indicated that girls had better academic performance than boys. Items were in congruent with the Bloom taxonomy of cognitive domain. Then, the scale was standardized using percentile ranks. In conclusion, the scale may be used for both summative and formative assessment in high schools to evaluate student' s performance on Mathematics.

Introduction: Leptospirosis is a common Zoonosis, which is more prevalent in tropical and temperate regions. Rodents, wild and domestic animals are reservoir of Leptospirosis. Usually the infected animals are carriers for the rest of their lives and the bacteri is secreted from their urine. The secreted bacteria can enter a host (animal or human) and continue the circle of disease Objective: Diagnosis of leptospirsis according to clinical symptoms is difficult due to lack of pathogenic sign(s) and the similarities of its clinical features to some common febrile diseases, so laboratory is important in diagnosis. Leptospira is fastidious and its isolation from other clinical specimens is difficult, time consuming and usually unsuccessful, so MAT is the gold standard for diagnosis and serotyping of leptospira and is usual in all reference laboratoriesMaterials and Methods: We performed this study in 1383 by taking blood sample from patients hospitalized in Emam Khomeini Hospital in Some- e-sara, Razi and 22 Aban Lahijan and had clinical symptoms and were suspected of leptospirosis. Sampling was done in spring and summer, which are prevalent seasons of leptospirosis in Gailan prorince. We stored all serums in- 200ºc until examination, and in summer of 1383 serum samples were screened by a Quantitative Elisa method to detect positive samples for doing MAT, and performed MAT to determine causative serogroups. Results: 282 serum samples were all tested by quantitative Elisa and 130 cases had IgM titer equal or greater than 1:60 which were considered for MAT test. Seventy serum samples had titer≤160 in both tests and all were positive and highest serum titer in MAT test was the determining criteria for causing diseaseConclusion: Analyzing the results of MAT was hard and complex due to alternate reactions happening between different serogroups specially in clinical samples related to acute disease. According to CDC, a serum titer of ≥ 200 and if it correlates with clinical symptoms can present probable diagnosis. In this study, considering the samples were only taken from patients with clinical symptoms and suspected of leptospirosis and then after screening by Elisa, only positive samples with IgM titer equal or greater than 1:16 were assessed by MAT; keeping in mind three criteria (Correlating clinical symptoms Elisa and MAT results) there is a high efficacy of diagnosis and determines servoirs and serogroups are prevalent in this area.  

It is believed in traditional education planning that all learners learn in a same way. Dominance of this idea will result in neglecting the importance of differences between Cognition Styles. An individual' s cognition style greatly affects the way of data processing when thinking and learning, and, consequently, on effectiveness and efficacy of education. However, individuals are not clearly aware or informed of their cognition style. The Approach of using Learning-Cognitive Style in the process of education focuses on differences between individual in learning. Mc.Carthy (1990), using learning styles and changing them, designed 4-MAT, a new teaching style.This article compares Mc.Carthy's 4-MAT teaching system (with 4 types of learners) with the traditional teaching system, in order to test the two hypotheses of the research: "more" is learnt, and it is "more stable" when using 4-MAT style rather than traditional style. The methodology of the research is Quasi- experimental, using pretestposttest with control group. The statistical population consisted of136senior girl students studying Humanistic, in the city of Sanandaj, from among 2 classes of 20 were selected using Clustersampling.The measurement instrument was a questionnaire of 120 multiple-choices. The result showed that learning through 4-MAT system is stable by 97% assurance, and learning through traditional system is not stable by the same percentage of assurance. Therefore, learning through 4-MAT style is more stable thatn through traditional style.

Losses in quality and quantity of forage occur during harvest and post-harvest operations. The losses mainly occur in the most useful part of the plant, which is leaf. In the present work, a mat-making unit was designed, fabricated and integrated with a maceration unit developed earlier. Field trials of complete unit were conducted to evaluate the effects of three levels of feed rate and three levels of peripheral speed of the large roller on the moisture removal, specific fuel consumption, and mechanical losses of forage. A 3 x 3 factorial experiment arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications was considered to evaluate the unit. The forage harvested with cutter-bar mover was considered as control. The analysis of data indicated that mat making technique results in a higher moisture removal as compared to control. Comparison of means of forage moisture measured after nine hours revealed no significant difference among retained moisture for various feeding rates whereas different roller speeds resulted in different moisture removal, the lowest speed showed to be the most effective. The analysis also indicated that specific fuel consumption was significantly affected by both factors. Mean comparison indicated that the treatment with feed rate of 4 t h-1 and roller speed of 85 rpm consumed least fuel. The analysis also indicated that there were no differences in mechanical loss between the new technique and control. The experiment also revealed that roller speed is the only factor affecting this index. The treatments with feed rate of 4 t h-1 at roller speed of 85 rpm and 3 t h-1 at roller speed of 127 rpm had the minimum and maximum mechanical loss, respectively.

Objective: Investigation of the suitability of electrospun Poly (e-caprolactone) (PCL) nanofiber scaffold for the Vero cell culture.Materials and Methods: Electrospinning was used for production of PCL nanofibers scaffolds. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), MTT assay, hematoxylin staining and histology analysis were used to investigate the cell morphology, viability, attachment and infilteration of the vero cells on the PCL nanofiber scaffolds.Results: The results of the MTT assay, SEM images and hematoxylin staining showed that Vero cells attach and spread on PCL nanofiber scaffolds. The proliferation of Vero cells is as well as that of control group, but histological analysis showed the lack of cell infilteration into the scaffolds, which was found to be due to the small diameters of the pores of nanofibrous scaffold.Conclusion: The result of this study show that PCL nanofiber scaffolds are suitable for cell culture, proliferation and attachment and Vero cells attach and proliferate on PCL nanofiber scaffolds.

Background and Objectives: Leptospirosis is one of the most significant zoonotic diseases with intensive frequency worldwide. The infection of individuals in any given slaughter house is fortuitous and it will normally occur after a direct contact with animals’ urine or their carcass. This study was aimed to evaluate the rate of serum infection with the various strains of Leptospira interrogance among the industrial slaughter house personnel of Zanjan province.Material and Methods: In this cross sectional descriptive study, 98 serum samples were collected from the personnel of the industrial slaughter house placedin Zanjan province throughout 2011. After sampling, all the serum samples were subjected to microscopic agglutination Test (MAT) by seven live Leptospiral serotypes (made by Razi Vaccine and Serum Institute, Karaj, Iran).Results: The results obtained from study of the serum samples indicated that 34 (34.7%) samples had positive reactions to one or more serovars. The remaining samples (65.3%) were serologically negative. Sejroe Hardjo, Grippotyphosa, and Canicola serovars were the most prevalent serovars of Leptospira with the frequency rates of %47.8, %15.2, and %13, respectively.Conclusions: Since there is a high frequency rate of seropositive cases in the personnel, there is a high possibility for transmitting of the contamination into the food cycle. Therefore, a vaccination program for the personnel is recommended.