Grafting as a common industrial tool is used for propagation of cactus plants. Gymno calycium doesnot have chlorophyll pigments and they should be grafted to root stock containing chlkorophyll. Preparation of scion of these ornamental plants is difficult. In this research, the effect of applied exogenous auxin treatment on micrograting of cactus plants was assessed. Gymno calycium and Tryco sereus were used as a scion and root stock, respectively. IBA is used as a auxin. Plants were treated with Four different concentrations of IBA (0, 50, 100 and 150ppm) and at three levels of time (3, 9 and 15 days after micrografting). 30 day grafted plants were compared. The best results were observed in 100 ppm especially in 100ppm-15days. The obtained results from present study indicated that IBA at the optimal concentration (100ppm) is more effective treatment and result in increased successfull grafts.

Citurs fruits have a distinct economic importance in Iran and research effort to increase both quality and quantity of these fruits is valuable. Attempt has been made in this study to increase the percentage of successful micrografting. Micrografting is one of the advanced ways for production of virus-free citrus plants. Micrografting of 'Washington Navel' orange on sour orange, lime, Poncirus, 'Troyer' citrange, citromelo and 'Flying Dragon' was investigated. The highest grafting precentge was obtained on 'Troyer' citrange rootstock (40%), Also, sour orange resulted in a reasonable grafting percentage (33.3%), whereas poncirus was not successful. Rootstock fitness for micrografting 20 days after seed sowing had also remarkable results. Nearly 81.8% of 'Troyer' citrange seedlings were ready to be grafted, while only 50.8% of Poncirus seedlings were ready at the same time. 'Flying dragon' had the least grafting percentage (6.7%). Stem diameter at graft union was also different among the rootstocks. 'Troyer' citrange with the mean stem diameter of 1.7mm. performed the best, wherease lime had the lowest stem diameter (1.12 nun.). It can be concluded that 'Troyer' citrange gave the best result in percentage of grafting success, due to suitability for grafting and good stem diameter in graft union and can be recommended as the best rootstock for micrografting.

This study was carried out to optimize the micrografting method in sweet cherry using factorial arrangements in completely randomized design with five replications. Experimental factors included; seven ceherry cultivars; Zard, Siah-e-Mashhad, Dovomras, Bing, Pishras, Takdaneh, Hajyousefi, and four grafting methods; wedge grafting without cover (G1C1), cleft grafting without cover (G2C1), wedge grafting with cover (G1C2), cleft grafting with cover (G2C2). Micrografting with micro-scion was performed and leafy primordia from sweet cherry cultivars grown on Rootstock of “ Gisela 6” in vitro conditions. The micrografted plants were cultured on MS medium with 1 mgl-1 BAP, and after three weeks successful micrografted plants in the MS medium were transferred to a pot of perlite-peat moss (1: 1) for acclimation. There was significant difference among cultivars only for shoot length index. The main effect of grafting method and the interaction effect of cultivars × grafting method were significant on all indices, except on the micrografting success rates. In all sweet cherry cultivars, G2C2 grafting method had the highest successful grafting rate (42. 9%), number of leaves (4. 2 leaves), shoot growth (6. 5 cm), and the shortest grafting time (2. 2 days). Among the sweet cherry cultivars; cv. “ Hajyousefi” had successful grafting rate (36. 9%), cv. Siah-e Mashhad had the shortest grafting time (3 days), and cv. Zard had the highest number of leaves (3. 3 leaves), and cv. Dovomras had the greatest shoot growth (5. 4 cm).

Introduction Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium) belongs to the Rosaceae family, which due to vegetative propagation problems, in vitro propagation is recommended to increase mass and disease-free production. Micropropagation has many advantages over other vegetative methods. Although the most suitable organ that preserves the genetic characteristics of the cultivar is bud meristem, plant regeneration from meristem culture is difficult in many species of woody plants, so micro-grafting is a suitable technique to overcome these problems. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of scion size and origin of commercial sweet cherry cultivars interact with micrografting on the vegetative rootstocks.Materials and Methods In this study, factorial experiment was used as a test unit in a completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors in five replications and ten seedlings per replication. The first factor was cultivar in seven levels (B: Bing, D: Dovomres, H: Haj Yousefi, P: Pishres, S: Siah- Mashhad, T: Takdaneh, Z:  Zard) and the second factor was scion type in four levels (M1R1: 2 mm in vivo explant, M2R1: 5 mm in vivo explant , M1R2: 2 mm in vitro explant and  M2R2: 5 mm in vitro explant). To prepare the scion, 1.5 to 2 cm long explants were isolated from shoot tips and then disinfected with 75% ethanol and 20% Sodium hypochlorite. After rinsing with distilled water, the shoot tips with 2 and 5 mm length were extracted for in vivo explants. In vitro explants were obtained from shoo tips that was previously established in MS culture medium with supplement of 1 mg.l-1 of BAP. The meristems were prepared in 2 and 5 mm and used as in vitro explant.  5 cm length in vitro shoots of sweet cherry ‘Gisella 6’ was used as rootstock. Micro-grafting was performed according to the standard method for sweet cherries. Micro-grafted plantlets were transferred to MS medium supplemented with 1 mg.l- l BAP, and kept under low light (100 lux) condition for one week, then  transferred to growth chamber at 27.1 °C photoperiods 16/8 hrs light/darkness (1500 lux). In order to induce root, grafted plantlets were transferred to Perlite: MS medium supplement with 1 mg.l- l IBA. After rooting, plants were placed in polyethylene pots containing perlite: peatmoss (1:1) for acclimation. Micro-grafting success indices were recorded in each of the micro-grafted plantlets. The data were analyzed by SAS statistical software (9.1) and the means were compared by Duncan's multiple range test (1 and 5 % of probability levels).Results and Discussion The results showed that in all indices there was a significant difference between scion types and cultivar scion type interactions except grafting time, but there was no difference between cultivars (except longitudinal growth of scion). Among the scion types, the 5 mm in vitro scion (M2R2) had the highest micro-grafting success rate (42%), number of leaves (3.7), longitudinal growth (6.3 cm) and taken grafting time (two days). Finally, in successful micro-grafted plants, ‘Pishres’ cultivar had better results in rooting (32.8%) and ‘Zard’ cultivar in acclimation (3.4%) traits. Probably the presence of leaves led to better nutrient supply and surface contact, so it mostly improved the success of micrografting technique. In this study, micro-grafting success indices were lower than previous reports using seedling rootstocks. This might be due to difficult grafting operations, poor rootstock-scion communication, low physiological activity, and high in vitro oxidase activity. In the type of scion, micro-grafting success rate of 5 mm in vitro scions (include leaf primordia), was better than 2 mm scions (without leaf primordia). These results were consistent with most reports in sweet cherries and other stone fruit that were more successful in micro-grafting using larger in vitro explant.Conclusion Based on our results, it can be concluded that the micro-grafting method in sweet cherry micro-propagation is a fast practical method with high potential for production and regeneration of healthy orchards, which is also possible for other cultivars. In micro-grafting success, in vitro explants are preferable to explants taken directly from in vivo mother trees, and the use of larger explants for scion is recommended due to the presence of leaf primordia in micro-grafting success. However, smaller-size explants are more likely to produce healthy plants.

Micrografting is an important technique supporting the micropropagation of a range of plant species, particularly woody plant species. In the past decade, in vivo and in vitro micrografting has become a strategy to facilitate shoot recovery and acclimatization of horticultural species. This experiment was conducted to study pistachio (P. vera L. ) micrografting under in vivo condition and interaction of growth regulator and arbescular mycorrhizal fungi on micrografting success and stablishment. The scions were prepared from shoot tips of 6-7 years-old mature trees of " Ahmad Aghaie" cultivar and were micrografted on 14-deys-old "Qazvini" under controlled conditions. In order to examine the effect of mycorrhizal symbiosis on micrografting success and stablishment, inoculation of rootstooks with mycorrhizae (Funneliformis mosseae) was performed at the time of seed sowing. After floating the scions in ascorbic acid (0 and 400 mg L-1) for 60 min, they were treated with IBA (0, 50 and 100 mg L-1) and BA (0, 40 and 80 mg L-1). The results showed that, mycorrhizal inoculation had a positive influence on graft success percentage, survival percentage, scion growth, scion dry weight and leaf number. With the use of growth regulator, the success rate of micrografting increased so that the level of 100 mg L-1 of indolebutyric acid and 40 mg L-1 of benzyl adenine was observed to be more effective than other levels. In this study, ascorbic acid treatment had different effects, but in most cases it did not have a significant effect on micrografting, even in combination with growth regulators, the treatment had a negative effect. According to the results obtained from this study, it seems that the use of growth regulatorse and AM fungi had a positive effect on the survival rate of micrografted plants and these plants had a longer survival.

Micrografting technique has been used on woody species to produce viruses-free plants, rejuvenation, reinvigoration, analysis of grafting compatibility and incompatibility and clone's propagation. Several experiments have been carried out in order to investigate the most suitable culture media after micrografting, effect of types of rootstocks and scions, effect of time after subculture of scions, and comparison of in vitro and in vivo micrografting techniques for some Iranian pistachio (Pistacia vera L. ) varieties. For in vitro micrografting, rootstocks and scions (Badami-Zarand, Owhadi, Akbari, and Ahmadaghaii) were propagated using micropropagtion. For in vivo micrografting experiments, dry nuts of Pistacia vera L. var. Badami-Zarand were used. Percentages of regenerated micro-shoots (Micrografting success percentage), callus production on grafted area and leaf numbers were evaluated after one month. Results showed that types of rootstocks and scions had significant effect on micrografting success percentage. The best culture medium for rootstocks was MS supplemented with 2 mg. L-1 after micrografting in which decreased callus production in grafted area and growth of nodal meristems of rootstocks. The time after subculture of scions had no significant effect on microgftaing success rate. In vitro and in vivo scions had no considerable differences; therefore it is possible to use the in vitro scions on the in vivo rootstocks.

Micrografting of lime were evaluated on four different citrus rootstocks; small-fruited sour orange, big-fruited sour orange, lime and lemon in four culture medium supporting systems including paper bridge, perlite and vermiculite supplemented with half MS and paper bridge supplemented with full MS each one with 60 or 75 g L-1 sucrose. Also, micrografted plantlets were evaluated in three beds including perlite, vermiculite, and perlite-vermiculite for acclimatization and growth. Statistical analysis of micrografting and acclimatization was done as factorial in a completely randomized design with 5 replications. According to independent treatments results, the most rate of successful micrografting of lime shoot tip was achieved on seedling rootstocks of lemon. Also, the best micrografting were observed at the highest concentration of sucrose at 75 gL-1 media culture. In general, the most rate of successful micrografting of lime shoot tip was obtained on seedling rootstocks of lemon and big fruit sour orange in culture medium supporting systems of perlite and paper bridge with half MS containing 75 gL-1 sucrose. After micrografting, the plantlets were transplanted from the in vitro to the culture medium. The highest survival rate and adaptation of micrografted lime based on the number of leaves and length of scion after 5 weeks was obtained with lemon and big-fruited sour orange rootstocks micrografted in paper bridge culture medium and transferred to the perlite-vermiculite bed.

Micrografting can be used to produce healthy seedlings, assess scion-rootstock compatibility and promote precocity. The first objective of this project was to study the impacts of in vitro micropropagation of four major Iranian pistachio cultivars, namely „, Ahmad Aghaei‟, , „, Akbari‟, , „, Badami Sefid‟,and „, Kalle Ghochi‟,in two different medium Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Driver and Kuniyuki Walnut (DKW) at different concentrations of benzyl adenine (0, 0. 5, 1 and 2 mg L-1). The second objective of this project was to examine the effects of „, Badami-Riz-Zarand‟,and „, Akbari‟,rootstocks and micro-scion size (less than 5 and between 5-10 mm) on micrografting of the pistachio cultivars. The results showed that explants of the Akbari cultivar had the highest survival rate of meristems establishment in the DKW medium with 1 mg L-1 benzyl adenine. In the proliferation stage, „, Akbari‟,showed the highest values for proliferation rate, shoot number, shoot length and leaf number whereas, „, Kalle Ghochi‟,had the lowest values for these traits. Moreover, no significant differences were observed between „, Ahmad Aghaei‟, , „, Akbari‟,and „, Badami Sefid‟,plantlets in terms of quality during the growing season. The micrografting results on seedlings showed that the scion of the Badami Sefid cultivar with a 5-10 mm size on the „, Badami-Riz-Zarand‟,rootstock had the highest grafting success rate and the lowest cultivar,in contrast, was „, Kalle Ghochi‟,with a scion less than 5 mm on „, Akbari‟, .

Neem (Azadirachta indica A.Juss.), native to the arid regions of Indian subcontinent, is a valuable tree because its fast growing rate and many technological importanc applications. We examined micrografting of the highly interested A.indica onto Melia Azedarach L. (Persian lilac) rootstock seedling, with the objective of estimating the resistance of this union to cold treatment afterwards. In these micrografting experiments the age of rootstock, the localization of graft and hormonal treatments during the time course of growth were examined under in vitro condition and after transfering to soil. The best shoot tips graft success was found on young rootstock (40.1%) in lateral hypocotyls position. Exogenous auxine in association with cytokinine was necessary to the best union and growth. In contrast effect of treatment increased amount of 18.33%in compare to control. If salicylic acid showed an inhibitory effect on the graft-take amount of 3% in compare to control, but salicylic acid treatment cause the highest grafting success amount of 8.33% in compare to control, signifying a useful role of salicylic pretreatment in acclimatization to soil conditions for these grafted plantlets.

Walnuts orchards in Iran are not uniform due to sexual propagation. Asexual propagation including minigrafting will lead to uniform orchards and nut production. To study the trend of grafting union formation in walnut some microscopic slides were prepared in different time after ‘Serr’ cultivar was minigrafted on seedlings. Different stages of grafting process including callus formation and development, necrotic layers deterioration, cambium differentiation and vascular tissues formation in samples were evaluated in 3, 7, 10 weeks; and 6 and 12 months after minigrafting. Results indicated that successful minigraft was observed after 12 months in winter minigrafted seedlings.