A place-name or a toponym is a word used to indicate, denote or identify a geographic locality. Place-names are formed in the course of history of a region and are affected by various linguistic, social, political and cultural events. Toponymy is the taxonomic study of place-names, based on etymological, historical and geographical information. This paper first defines toponym and topnymy and illustrates typology of toponyms. The paper then looks at the relationship between toponymy and etymology and shows how etymology enlightens the origin and historical development of toponyms. Finally, the paper offers a methodology for studying toponymys of Iran from a historical linguistics point of view and remarks original sources for Iran’s toponyms studying.

The semantic of proper names is one of imprtant issues in philosophy of logic. In this article I have examined some most famous theories on this subject and evaluvated Mil's, Frege's , Russell's and Kripke's theory. Although I have almost favoured Kripke's opinion, but I think it is insufficient for making clear logical role of proper name. So by revising it and adding some condition, I have tried to defend the view that when proper name designates its referent some descriptions should be considered; those descriptions don't give the sense of proper name, but user thinks , rightly or wrongly, that they fix its referent. This analysis, of course, contains some pragmatical ingredient and is not purely semantical.

Although all of chapers of Quran are precious and valuable but chapter of Hamd (thank God) according to the traditions, has a especial and high position. Prayer establishes with it and it is not changable. It includes the name of Holy God. It is the key of paradise. It is the abstract of Holy Quran. It also includes twenty names of God.

All cosmic creatures mirror the divine omnipotence, while each is the manifestation of an archetypal name representing a particular meaning. In his capacity as the divine successor, the human being or architect possesses the necessary creative capability to design and manage the living environment to assist the evolution of man. His designs are realized through two complementary features of beauty and power. Both these features are expressed through the interaction of the architect with the divine cosmic existence. As an autonomous agent, the architect employs three instruments of spirit, mind and sense to create his design.

In the fourth issue of «Notes on Shahnameh», the origin of some other proper names of the Shahnameh will be discussed. These names include Pashtun, Fariborz, Zarvan, and Eshtad. About the name Pashtun, there was a mistake in the past that still exists in Persian writings. There is a subtle point in the construction of the name Fariborz, which has apparently been hidden from the researchers,And Zarvan and Eshtad are among the names that have been misspelled in Shahnameh. In these few notes, an attempt has been made to correct the defects of previous scholars›,opinions, especially the defects of Persian writings.

Letter To Editor

How are the words of a language attached to the world? For example, how are proper names, such as “ Socrates” and “ Tehran”, related to the individuals and objects of the world? Such a question has puzzled philosophers for a long time and the main occupation of many philosophers of the 20th century was to find a definite answer to the question. Traditional Muslim logicians believe that a proper name is a “ referring expression” (in Russellian sense) that, unlike Fregean views, simply designates an individual or object, which is its meaning, without having any other sense than the individual or the object it designates. On the basis of their theory of proper names, one can say that the proposition expressed by an utterance of a sentence like Socrates was a philosopher, wherein the subject position is occupied by a proper name, is a “Singular proposition” about the referent of the name. In this article the theory of proper names is dealt with by examining a number of propositions.