Background: One of the leading causes to orchiectomy is the testicular torsion. It seems that early diagnosis and surgical exploration improve testis salvage after testicular torsion.Methods: To assess the delay cause of orchiectomy our patients included in a Cross sectional hospital-based research. In all patients with suspected testicular torsion scrotal exploration were done in Shahid Labbafinejad Hospital over 1 year period.Results: Of Forty patients underwent surgery, 28 (70%) had testicular torsion and then 10 (25%) required orchiectomy. Delay in presentation to the hospital and misdiagnosis by general practitioners were the two main causes of delay leading to orchiectomy in patient with testicular torsion.Conclusion: Orchiectomy rate due to testicular torsion is high. To reduce it we suggest to evaluate our general population education and medicines programs.

INTRODUCTION: Undescended testis (UDT) occurs in 1-4% of full-term neonates and in up to 45% of preterm neonates. 1 Despite increased susceptibility of torsion in undescended testes, this is a rare condition and a high clinical suspicion is needed to diagnose this emergency. Ultrasound and other imaging modalities are not absolutely reliable for evaluation of torsion in UDT. In this case report we used laparoscopy to diagnose torsion in the patient with UDT and find a cure.

Introduction: Our aim was to evaluate effects of hemicastration in immature rabbits on the histology of the contralateral testis after puberty.Materials and Methods: Eighteen immature male rabbits were randomly divided into two groups. The first group underwent right or left hemicastration and the second, sham operation. After their puberty, the rabbits underwent the second operation. In the former group the contralateral testis and in the latter, the right or left testis was removed and sent for pathologic examination. The two groups were compared in terms of Leydig cell count, testis volume, and seminiferous tubule count and diameter.Results: The mature rabbits’ mean weight at the orchiectomy time, seminiferous tubule count, and seminiferous tubules diameter did not show significant differences between two groups. However, testis volumes and Leydig cell count were significantly higher in the first group with hemicastration prior to puberty. The mean testis volume was 3.24±2.06 mL in the first group and 1.4689±0.85701 mL in the second group (P= .03), and the mean Leydig cell count in every 5 microscopic high-power fields was 86.22±54.96 and 42.00±18.09, respectively (P= .04).Conclusion: Our research demonstrated that prepubertal hemicastration in rabbits led to the compensatory hypertrophy in the contralateral testis after puberty and an increase in the number of the Leydig cells.

Primary leiomyosarcoma in testis is an uncommon tumor with few cases reported. It generally develops after radiotherapy or long-term taking anabolic steroid medication. We report a 53-year-old male patient with primary testis leiomyosarcoma who presented with painless testicular enlargement without any known predisposing factors. Ultrasound revealed a large heterogeneous left testicular solid lesion. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin (beta-HCG) levels in serum were normal. Left radical orchidectomy following with histology assessment established a diagnosis of primary leiomyosarcoma of testis. No data of cancer metastasis was established. The patient didn’ t receive any adjuvant therapy. There wasn’ t any evidence of recurrence after 1 year follow-up. Leiomyosarcoma must be one of the differential diagnoses of seronegative tumors in testis. The motivation for this paper is the extreme infrequency of the situation and the differential diagnosis by all expansive inguinoscrotal tumors.

Purpose: To determine whether testicular cryoablation caused histopathological orchiectomy, and to show its effects on serum total testosterone (t-testosterone) levels in rats. Materials and Methods: A total of 12 Wistar albino male rats were used in this study. The animals were divided into two groups, as cryoablation (9 rats) and control (3 rats) groups. Bilateral cryoablation was performed in the cryoablation group. T-testosterone levels were measured in both groups before scrotal exploration. Bilateral orchiectomy was performed in both groups 10 days after the cryoablation procedure. T-testosterone was measured immediately before orchiectomy. Mann-Whitney U test was used for intergroup comparisons. Results: Baseline t-testosterone levels were 1. 31 (0. 78-2. 45) ng/mL and 0. 98 (0. 91-2. 05) ng/mL in the cryoablation and the control groups, respectively (P =. 92). T-testosterone levels were 0. 23 (0. 07-1. 12) ng/mL and 2. 87 (0. 63-3. 06) ng/mL in the cryoablation and the control groups, respectively, in the blood samples obtained at the time of orchiectomy (P =. 03). Histopathological examination of rat testes revealed varying degrees of paratesticular inflammation and necrosis in 13 of 18 testes in the cryoablation group. None of 6 testes showed necrosis in the control group. Conclusion: Our study showed that histopathological orchiectomy could be obtained by cryoablation in rat testes.

Statement of the Problem: Root resorption (RR) after orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is known as a multifactorial complication of orthodontic treatments. Hormonal deficiencies and their effect on bone turnover are reported to have influences on the rate of tooth movement and root resorption.Purpose: This study was designed to evaluate the effect of female and male steroid sex hormones on tooth movement and root resorption.Materials and Method: Orthodontic appliances were placed on the right maxillary first molars of 10 ovariectomized female and 10 orchiectomized male Wistar rats as experimental groups and 10 female and 10 male healthy Wistar rats as control groups. NiTi closed-coil springs (9mm, Medium, 011"´.030", Ortho Technology®; Tampa, Florida) were placed between the right incisors and the first right maxillary molars to induce tipping movement in the first molars with the application of a 60g force. After 21 days, the rats were sacrificed and tooth movement was measured by using a digital caliper (Guanglu, China). Orthodontic induced root resorption (OIRR) was assessed by histomorphometric analysis after hematoxylin and eosin staining of sections of the mesial root.Results: The rate of tooth movement was significantly higher in all female rats, with the root resorption being lower in the experimental group. The rate of tooth movement in experimental male rats was significantly higher than the control group (p= 0.001) and the rate of root resorption was significantly lower in the experimental group (p= 0.001).Conclusion: It seems that alterations in plasma levels of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone hormones can influence the rate of OTM and RR. The acceleration in tooth movement increased OTM and decreased RR.

In this issue of the Urology Journal, Ozcan and colleagues reported on the efficacy of testicular cryoablation for providing castrate level of serum total testosterone in rats. The beneficial effects of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) on prostate cancer (PCa) have been known for more than a half century. (1) To achieve the castrate level of testosterone usually two types of treatment methods, luteinizing-hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) analogue administration or bilateral orchiectomy are used. The first comes at a cost with own disadvantages and the later has psychologic burden. Therefore the authors should congratulate for their study to finding alternative treatment modality for advanced PCa. Cryoablation is used for treatment of different cancer as primary treatment. Cryoablation is also used to relieve the pain of many different types of cancer that metastasize the bone or other organs. The adverse events associated with LH-RH analogs administration are well characterized. (2) An adverse event that is commonly overlooked, yet, is the failure to decrease or maintain serum levels of testosterone that would be achieved with LH-RH agonists administration. In addition the testosterone surge that occurs after initial administration of LH-RH agonists can cause cancer flare in up to 63% of patients with advanced PCa. (3) In certain men with advanced PCa, these flares are accompanied by serious adverse events that can result in urinary retention and spinal cord compression, which can lead to paralysis and, rarely, death.