Violence against women is assumed to be the result of patriarchy values and unequal distribution of gender power in the family. In this framework when masculinity power of men is threatened, violence occurs. This paper is a case study that pursues open hypothesize test. The study has accomplished via qualitative method and deep interview technique among 30 women who experienced violence and sought help from Āmol’s Counselling Centre. The results show when women challenged dominance and questioned their subordinate relationships in the family by resisting instrumental attitude, the majority of them faced violence. These results also indicate that modernity, by exposing these women to important resources such as education and employment has fostered resistance potency in them.

Language can be studied from various perspectives. One of the methods for studying linguistic variations in society is examining cultural sources such as stories, novels, musical productions, poems, and ancient myths. Among the topics that have received significant attention in the media and have an important place in the representations is the concept “gender”, particularly the representation of masculinity or femininity. The representation of patriarchy has various positive and negative aspects and varies across different cultures. The portrayal of a powerful and influential man is influenced by the components of a culture and its role and position within that context. This study aimed to explore the representation of patriarchy in a positive form in ancient Persian poetry from the perspective of social linguistics. To achieve this, verses that have a clear connection with the subject matter of the research, that is, gender-based linguistic interaction, were selected. Using Barthes’ three-level semiotic analysis method, the representation of the male character and specifically the father, as well as the linguistic position of the father compared to other roles, were analyzed from the perspective of social linguistics. The results on that the ancient poetry showed the representation of male linguistic control, linguistic dominance of the father over other roles, the absence of dialogue, and the establishment of a framework for making requests from the central male figure (father), as well as gendered language in linguistic interactions. This representation is based on the ideology and patriarchy discourse in society, and although it has been considered positive in society and culture, it does not hold the same position and role in contemporary society.

Extended AbstractIntroduction Investigating and understanding the relationship between society and literature is one of the most important and attractive interdisciplinary topics. Perhaps, from a perspective, this relationship can be compared to the relationship between a person and a mirror. In this analogy, a society can be seen as a living and dynamic entity that sees its different manifestations in the mirror of literature, of course, a magical, changing and influential mirror that shows different manifestations of the society, and since consciousness is a product of a self-representative relationship, the world created by literature is mutually the originator of the construction of consciousness and the basis of change in the objective construction of society and this cycle continues.MethodologyLucien Goldman (1970-1913), who sought the application of dialectical materialism in literature review, chose the title of developmental (genetic) structuralism for his theory. The method of genetic structuralism speaks of two stages of perception and description in the process of examining and understanding the concordance of structures. Understanding means recognizing the meaningful structure of the work and explaining means the dialectical inclusion of the meaningful structure of the work in the comprehensive social structure and historical-social totality.FindingsThe findings of this article show the existence of a structural compatibility claimed by Genetic structuralism, between the socio-political structure of Iran at the threshold of the 1950s and the structure of Simin Daneshvar's novel.AnalysisThis article, with a detailed and line-by-line review of Savushun's novel, emphasizes the four elements of relationship with sources of power, activeness and ability to solve problems, self-knowledge and self-belief and the scope of action that are clear signs of the status of women in a patriarchal structure and explains the similarities and differences of these elements in the structure of the text and establishes the relationship between this structure and the stability or change of the characteristics of the objective structure of society was an effort to explain and better understand this work in particular and women's literature in general with a sociological approach.Zari is a quiet, patient, tolerant, timid, tolerant, weak and confined house angel, and this semantic structure of the text is related to the structure of the author's consciousness and the class that he represents in the work of giving coherence and giving meaning to the world. In this way, the traditional and patriarchal structure of Savushun (1969) is consistent with the objective structures in general and the role and position of women in these structures in particular in the social context which portrays the traditional and angelic educated woman.ConclusionsLucien Goldman's formative structuralism is a thought model that simultaneously studies socio-economic structures and the dialectical relationship between these structures and the text, and for this reason, it can be used in examining the aforementioned developments and how it is related to literature, especially Savushun. Accordingly, with this schema and through the four criteria resulting from it, i.e. relationship with power sources, activeness and ability to solve problems, self-awareness and self-belief, and limits of action, this article analyzed Savushun. This article shows the relationship between the dual social-economic relations (city and village) along with the role of the patriarchal authoritarian power structure in these two spaces and the effect of all these components on the many characters of daily life depicted in the novel, especially women, and the personality crises caused by the mentioned relationships are in their sensory-behavioral forms.

Male domination and the patriarchal systems related to it are the major arguments associated with a feminist movement. Man’ s hegemony is based on the law of the dominant and the dominated, which has been established by some traditional perceptions of man’ s guardianship over women. The female was subordinate to the man until she found a literary device with which to give herself an opportunity to achieve equality with him. Among those who have enjoyed this opportunity is the Lebanese poetess Nariman Alloush, whose poetic experience deserves to be studied. The purpose of this study conducted through the descriptive-analytical method is to clarify the perception of patriarchal societies that still believe in the stereotyping of women and their secondary role. Also, we try to criticize the cases of predominance and inequality between men and women as a result of depreciation and sex pressures, patriarchy, and inequality in laws and emotions. It is concluded that patriarchy is a combination of all the pressures and forms of dominance. Parental persecution in Nariman’ s poetry is a prelude to other persecutions and inequalities. The poet's view of feminism is a negative view that calls for a reform. Therefore, she criticizes the obedient traditional woman and offers some solutions that helps to delineate a new identity for that woman.

The feminist movement in the West was shaped in protest against the patriarchal culture of the Enlightenment period. On the basis of scientific evidence, the author of this article maintains that the patriarchal beliefs of the modernity have been affected by the myth-makings of Ancient Greece, because the theories of the Enlightenment period preceded the European Renaissance, the slogan of which was returning to the Golden Age of ancient Greece. On this basis, the patriarchal attitude of Greek theoreticians, such as Homer and Hesiod, affected the philosophical-social theories of the Enlightenment period, and introduced women as secondary and subordinate individuals, the participation of whom is confined to only the private sphere, and are deprived of taking part in social and public spheres.

Introduction: Family as the mostimportant social institution has been amajor concern of cultures, religions, andnations. This social institution plays a keyrole in raising children and transmissionof culture, customs and beliefs to futuregenerations. Familial violence particularlywhen it is used against women results indisorders which prevent this socialinstitution from playing its role asexpected. One sort of familial violence isviolence against women. Historically, from the beginning of human life on theearth, familial violence against womenhas been always the case, in variousdegrees and severities depending oncultures and societies. Patriarchy is one ofthe traditional way of leading a familywhich in more cases ends in familialviolence against women. ...

Throughout the history of Persian poetry, qasida has had an imitative and steady form. Such a characteristic has played a key role in the weakness of the vertical axis of this form of poetry and has always caused poet's imagination to move in a single direction. Furthermore, this form of poetry is frequently associated with a predetermined chain of images. But Nasir Khusraw’s (1004-1088 CE) attempts in introducing changes into the vertical axis of qasida are innovative; the patterns he had presented for the structure of qasida are varied and unique. In this essay, all Nasir Khusraw 's qasidas are compared in terms of structure with those of his three contemporaries: Onsori (?-1040 CE), Farrokhi (?-1038 CE) and Manoochehri (?-1041 CE). Finally, the study focuses on certain characteristic features of Nasir Khusraw's qasidas such as lengthy description, allegory, personification, frequency of key words throughout the poem and the cohesion of verses by the conjunctions resulting in the stability of vertical axis of his poetry. Such features are less common in the contemporary poetry.

Semiotics is the science of studying the sign systems and, in fact, an interpretive process for understanding the hidden truth behind the signs, mysteries, and signs and cultural symbols. In addition, semiotics tells us that structures can be meaningful. The sign system in the Islamic Republic of Iran is very important because of the creation of a new Shiite identity. The present study examines the process of transition from political symbols to social symbols in the stamps between 1979-2001 as a cultural instrument of the Islamic Republic of Iran through a combination of content analysis and semiotics. The findings of this study indicate that the process of changing the emblems on stamps between 1979-2001 indicates that the Islamic Republic of Iran's legitimacy has shifted from rulers to society and from political to social.

One of the most common conjugal unions in Shahnameh is the marriage of Iranian men with non-Iranian women, especially the marriage of heroes with non-Iranians that is a common occurrence. In Shahnameh, the prominent Iranian heroes get married with non-Iranian women, mainly with Turanians. These kinds of marriage are called exogamy. According to the symbols of Shahnameh, Iran is sacred and divine land but Turan is the territory of impurity and evil forces. On the other hand, according to ancient beliefs, woman is symbol of land and the earthly world and man is a divine being who is free of impurities. Since in the prevailing pattern of patriarchy in ancient Iranian mythology man has a central role in Iranian myths, therefore, in the process of transformation of myths to epics, misogynic concepts have been added to the epics. In the present article, after considering the mythic deep-structure of epics, their patriarchal components of has been analyzed.

Patriarchy and male attitude are seen in all the characters of this novel indiscriminately. The institutionalization of the father's law in the individual and collective subconscious of the members of this fence is so intense that even after the physical death of the father, this structure appears in other forms. The narrative technique for controlling the signs system in the present text has been adopted so that language itself becomes a tool of repression and suppresses female speech and discourse,In fact, the narrator utters the desired words from on behalf of female characters. The mentality that has become an internal tyranny in the subconscious does not want to be liberated and will replace it with another dictator with the death of any dictatorship and will have to live in "graves, domes and cemeteries" for the rest of his life. The spirit of tradition, however, is much stronger, and is prevalent in mentality, social relations, and in institutions such as the family, the school, and the state, and is in eternal contradiction with renewal. We are always saddened by dictators and we mourn their absence.