Responding to the medical needs of every community is done in the form of their medical system. This study is based on the foretold logic of how the general approach and understanding of the plague was during the Safavid era in Iran; the atmosphere of medical discourse and how the hardship of the plague was handled. The findings of this study based on cross-sectional method shows that the medical system in the Safavid era of Iran used different aspects of Galenic medicine with the mindset of Teaching and the views of Islamic medicine and folk medicine in the approach to the plague. Cognitively, lack of understanding and ignorance of the pathogen, confusion and behavioral approach to treatment approaches followed that is why preventing the disease was a priority and different methods were used not to cure the illness but to treat the symptoms. The subsequent resultsof the plague outbreak in the Safavid era was mass death, economic problems famine and insecure roads

Introduction: Bioterrorism and its potential for mass death is a proposed and important new concept today. Biological attack is a phenomenon that started in the twentieth century, and apparently not be stopped. Plague agent is one of the bioweapon factors listed in by the Convention of disarmament. Hence, the risk of its biological or Bioterrorist application by enemy is a possible and serious threat. The purpose of writing this article is updated information of health professional practitioner about the plague, and bioterrorist aspect of this disease.Material and Method: This study is a review article based on the information and data, which is published in the internet, journals and associated researches (2012 -2000). Result: Plague or Black Death is an infectious disease shared between humans and animals and is potentially fatal. This disease continues to be endemic around the world and is still prevalent in more than 20 countries. Plague bacillus (Yersinia Pestis) disrupt normal immune response in the host body due to systemic spread, and between 10-2 days is fatal if untreated. Since the plague bacillus can be converted into aerosol, therefore, may be used as a biological weapon. Streptomycin is first choice and effective drug against the plague. The prognosis of the disease is different and Prevention can be done in three levels, which are discussed in detail in the text of article.Conclusion: Risk of biological attacks is serious threat. Today, despite the progress of science and technology, human knowledge to predict the time and place of the occurrence of this type of attacks is relatively weak. Therefore, the officials and experts in this regard should be conscious and aware to prepare for the risk and effort to plan.

Background: Duck rearing is one of the important livelihoods of rural people. Duck plague is one of the diseases causing heavy mortality resulting in economic losses. Case description: An outbreak of duck plague in a farm in Kadavakathi Village near Tenkasi, Tirunelveli Dt., is reported. Findings/treatment and outcome: Two thousands out of 4500 Chara-Chemballi breed of ducks which were recently purchased from Chenganacherry in Kerala died, with a mortality rate of 44. 4%. Clinical signs of inappetence, partial closure of eyelid, conjunctivitis, corneal opacity, oculo-nasal discharge, soiled vent with green white watery diarrhoea, ataxia, incoordination and sudden death were observed. Necropsy examination revealed diphtheritic membrane in the oesophagus, congestion, petechial haemorrhages and multifocal gray white areas on the surface of the liver, epicardial haemorrhages, congested trachea, lung, kidneys, splenomegaly with mottled appearance and enteritis. Microscopical examination revealed presence of eosinophilic intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusions in the epithelial cells of the intestine and hepatocytes, degeneration and necrosis of enterocytes, dilated crypt epithelial cells with presence of eosinophilic intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusions, congestion and lymphoid cell depletion in the spleen, vasculitis, congestion, and haemorrhages in the trachea and lungs, proventriculitis, and congested kidneys. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) also confirmed the duck plague viral infection by the amplification of polymerase gene fragment (446 bp). Conclusion: Based on the above findings, the Chara-Chemballi duck disease outbreak was diagnosed as duck viral enteritis infection.

Background and Purpose: plague has been one of the fatal diseases that its outbreaks have always killed large gatherings of people and in the collective memory of people it is always known as the darkest and the most terrible known diseases. This research was conducted to investigate the methods of diagnosis and treatment of plague during Islamic civilization.Methods and Materials: In this paper, a review was done on the most important Arabic and Persian documents of the Islamic civilization and the methodology of the physicians on diagnosis and treatment of the diseases. In addition to reports of the disease, according to the physician and historian votes thought of this civilization, some of the epidemics of plague in this period are also mentioned.Results: The study of the history of medicine in Islamic civilization as well as the effects of the plague reflected in the works of historians show that plague has been one of the problems of social life in the urbanization in this period. Reports of the physicians show the on their view, plague has been a communicable disease that weather conditions contributed to its spread.