Background and Aim: Early experience, prov-ide opportunity for later associative experiential learning by affecting multisensory systems. This phenomenon may because of the influences which sensory stimuli as sounds would have on non-auditory neural centers rather than just dep-loying hearing system, so the question is wheth-er music as a kind of complex sound source, could help in general cognitive functions such as memory circuits or, conversely, it acts as a distracting factor. This study was investigated the effect of auditory experience with special kind of music, called polyphonic music, on auditory, visual and logical memories function. Methods: Forty volunteers with normal hear-ing, aged 18 to 40 years, were participated in this experimental study. They were performed with Ray auditory verbal learning test, Kim Karad visual memory test, and Wechsler logical memory subtest in two states: no-music con-dition and music condition with a polyphonic piece as background music. Memory functions in these two conditions, and the effect of gender on performances, were compared between con-ditions. Results: Polyphonic music significantly inc-reased auditory, visual and logical memory performance compared with the no-music con-ditions (p < 0. 05). No significant difference bet-ween genders was found in memory tasks in both music and no-music conditions (p > 0. 05). Conclusion: It seems that presence of poly-phonic music while people had enough auditory experience about it, impress memory perfor-mance. It is possibly owning to multisensory functions of brain and the effect of auditory experiences on cognitive system.

The encounter of a publicist with language is not similar to a linguist, literate, philosopher and logician. Limitations and ambiguities of the natural language in formulation of legal concepts and explanation of realities and values of international law cause the publicist to exceed the real boundaries of law knowledge. Therefore, in a context of logics, linguistics, and linguistic analytic philosophy, the publicist presents concepts, propositions, texts, rationalism models, and legal theories and attempts to recognize nature, type, and rational implications of them. This means that legal language must have phenomenal expressiveness capacity, exploration of meaning and decoding of legal texts for the exact description of realities and facts of collective life and should also represent and codify legal necessities and values. Legal language that is a special type of natural languages, just like any other natural language and even more than others, does not have degrees of certainty, precision level, and transparency that is found in symbolic and formal languages that logicians have used it in order to explain relations in context of mathematics, logics, and modern physics based on formal rationalism. However, international law faces a more difficult test that recognizes dialogism, multiplicity of readings, and diversity of meanings, it gets degraded through the suppressive language of arrogant speakers.

The study of the “instances” in the text of Valery allows, by its dynamism, to reconcile one of the dreadful characters of source, the place of which is occupied by the subject ‘I’ and the other hand, the sensitive, at the same time, perspective and emotional character of the statement which tries to stand out. This is the systematic and detailed analysis of the strategies of the vision in the discourse of Valery, with the theories of semiotics, reveals the implicit presence of a hypothesis that we allow to call the polyphonic tension of utterance. Indeed, if there is plurality of the “I” at Valery and the rivalry between the “instances”. It is because there is a valuable item: the quest of the identity of the author. The one to become there is to arrive at the identification of one that the authorities are in conflict and it creates a tension.     French: La tension polyphonique énonciative Cas d’étude: les textes de Paul Valéry   L’étude des instances énonciatives chez Valéry permet, par son dynamisme, de concilier d’une part le caractère indicible d’une source de parole, dont le lieu est occupé par un "Je", et d’autre part, le caractère sensible, à la fois perceptif et émotionnel, d’une énonciation qui cherche à s’imposer. C’est ainsi que l’analyse systématique et détaillée des stratégies de la vision dans l’oeuvre valéryenne, conduit à la lumière des théories sémiotiques dévoile la présence implicite d’une hypothèse que nous nous permettons d’appeler la tension polyphonique énonciative liée à la théorie de l’embrayage et du débrayage et des instances énonçantes. En effet, s’il y a pluralité du"moi" chez Valéry et la rivalité entre les instances, c’est qu’il y a un objet de valeur: cet objet de valeur est la quête de l’identité de l’auteur, le soi en devenir. C’est pour arriver à l’identification de soi que les instances sont en conflit, avec pour résultat, l’apparition d’une tension.   Keywords: Valéry, sémiotique, énonciation, tension polyphonique, embrayage, débrayage

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: One of the tools of effective reading of literary texts in order to analyze the hidden parts and discover the underlying layers of the text is to use new approaches of literary criticism. The views and opinions of Mikhail Bakhtin, the Russian theorist, are one of these approaches that largely originate from the sociology of literature. From Bakhtin"s point of view, some novels have polyphonic capacity. Such novels have a democratic space to reflect suppressed voices or even voices that conflict with the author"s ideology, which are heard parallel to the author"s voice in the story. Multi-voice allows the audience to listen to different aspects of characters, ideologies, cultures, and in other words, the voice of the times, in addition to the storyline. The purpose of this article is to analyze polyphonic elements in the novel Deraznaye Shab by Jamal Mirsadeghi based on components such as type, hybrid speech and active and passive two-tone. METHODOLOGY: This research was done in a descriptive-analytical way using library studies. FINDINGS: By examining the mentioned novel, it was found that Mirsadeghi has used almost all polyphonic components by creating the characters of his story. By using different and contradictory voices, he provides a platform for the characters to express their opinions in a fair atmosphere. CONCLUSION: The results of this research indicate that in this novel, using polyphonic components, especially antithesis and hybrid speech, we witness a forced encounter between tradition and modernity. The author depicts the confusion of the lost generation at this time through the contrasting expressions and speech. A generation that, on the one hand, has been transformed in the traditional teachings of the family and dominant culture, and on the other hand, is facing a different and glamorous world and the so-called "modernity". The result of this collision is the perfection of the first character of the novel, who steps towards the future with an active and independent discourse.

Introduction: Polyphony has been among the topics of high significance in the fiction literature over the last decade. A notable theory in this regard is the polyphonic theory by Mikhail Bakhtin, the Russian theoretician. According to him, polyphony is the same distribution of voices in the text without one voice dominating the others or violating their independence. The best types of literature for reflecting voices are story, novel and narrative, but Bakhtin considers only a novel worth the opportunity for the emergence of different voices. The present study has analyzed the novel Ra'i Ghawali (a camel shepherd named Ghwali) by Wafa Al-Umimi (1989), using a descriptive-analytical approach based on Bakhtin’s theory. Al-Amimi has attempted to illustrate the views and misconceptions of the society about divorced women in this novel. Those women strive to fulfill their dreams, but people in the society prevent them from growing and developing their talent by sticking them to their old beliefs. The results show that this novel is consistent with the polyphonic features proposed by Bakhtin. Evidence such as the multiplicity of different discourses and ideologies, intertextuality, multiplicity of narrators, and the sudden change of perspective and chronotope confirm this claim. The story, novel, and tale provide a suitable platform for reflecting various conversations and voices in a society because their foundations are based on dialogue and interaction. Mikhail Bakhtin (1895-1975) believes that the novel is a form of literature where different voices and perspectives can emerge, voices that, on their own, lack significance and meaning, but only become meaningful in relation to one another, creating a system of meaning. Bakhtin places a special emphasis on the genre of the novel, viewing it as a repository of multiple voices. In his view, the novel has the unique capacity to represent conflicting voices, which may not be found in other literary forms. According to Bakhtin, poetry has a single-voiced nature, while the novel possesses a distinctive ability to represent multiple and diverse voices. In the Arabic literature, writers such as Wafaa Al-Amimi (born in 1989), an Emirati female author, strive to create a multi-voiced space in their works to express contemporary human thoughts, problems, and concerns. The multi-voiced nature of novels and stories enables them to present a more comprehensive reflection of societal conversations and diverse voices, paving the way for a deeper understanding of human experiences. The use of novels, stories, and literature as a platform for reflecting different conversations and voices within a society allows for a richer and more nuanced portrayal of human interactions and the complexities of contemporary life. Methodology: Given the prominent role of young writers like Wafaa Al-Amimi in advancing the contemporary Arabic literature and introducing it to the world, the examination of her works provides an opportunity for deeper reflection and familiarity with the fiction of the UAE and the author. On the other hand, Bakhtin’s theory of polyphony highlights the necessity of further research, as it leads us to a new understanding of the text. With a descriptive-analytical approach, this research seeks to investigate and analyze the various voices in the novel Raei Ghawali based on Bakhtin’s theory. These are scholarly and insightful thoughts reflecting the importance of cultural and literary exploration. Results and discussion: The use of multiple discourses and internal monologue, evocation of meanings and dreams to highlight the voices of the characters, the use of Quranic verses and poetry such as that of Rashid al-Maktoum, switching perspectives from first person to third person and vice versa, multiple narrators, and the presence of different ideologies, temporal and spatial interference and chronotopes are the factors that prove the polyphony of the novel Raei Ghawali. The voices in this novel include one belonging to Amani, which calls for freedom and reclaiming her place in the society. Amani's voice exposes the experience of a divorced woman who is ostracized by the society and shunned by people due to her divorce. The second voice is that of Buthayna, Ahmad, and Amani's father, who, in some cases, restricts women in matters such as clothes and their presence in social gatherings, confining their place solely to the home. In fact, this voice portrays the patriarchal ideology of the society, freely engaging in second, third, or even fourth marriages, while restricting women in many aspects and depriving them of even the most basic rights such as driving, attending social events, or employment. Al-Amimi employs multiple voices to illustrate the issue of ignored rights of divorced women, the misconceptions people have about them, and the declination of their societal position. Simultaneously, she creates a space for the free expression of thoughts, ideas, and beliefs for different characters. Conclusion: Dialogue is one of the important and prominent elements in a literary and narrative work, as it drives the narrative action, introduces characters, and contributes to the dynamism of the story. According to Bakhtin, the diversity of languages and individual voices in narration is a structured and literary diversity. In the novel in question, numerous dialogues occur between the characters, such as the conversation between Amani and Faisal regarding their wedding ceremony and its organization. Later, they discuss the expenses of the ceremony, providing a platform for expressing their opinions about the customs and traditions of marriage. Amani believes in a more lavish wedding ceremony, while Faisal prefers the contrary. Despite Faisal’s belief in adhering to the customary and affordable way of conducting the ceremony within his means, he organizes the ceremony in the most magnificent possible way for Amani’s satisfaction. The primary issues that the characters address include women’s rights, women’s attire and veiling, and the restrictions women face against men’s privileges in an Arab society.

Polyphony is a term coined by Bakhtin, inspired by music, and stands in contrast to monophony in the context of the novel. In pre-modern novels, the narrator served as the dominant voice throughout the text, often suppressing the characters' ability to express their own opinions. In the modern era, the complete dominance of the narrator diminishes, revealing a balance of power between the characters and the narrator in expressing their viewpoints. In the postmodern period, this balance evolves into the total independence of the characters within the text, allowing them to even defy the narrator or writer of the novel. In this manner, the text reflects the presence of diverse voices and illustrates the pluralistic nature of the postmodern space through these varied perspectives. The hypothesis of this article is to demonstrate the polyphony present in the work under discussion. In this context, elements such as intertextuality, narrative multiplicity, multilingualism, abrupt shifts in perspective, and underlying controversies support this assertion. The authors have endeavored to thoroughly analyze the polyphonic components as defined by Bakhtin, elucidating the term along with its examples and applications. They employ a reflective method, adopting a descriptive and interpretive approach to examine the content, as well as the methods and elements that convey the work's themes and nuances. The article suggests that elements such as the structure of mutual concepts, polyphony among the social strata of the novel, the presence of diverse and contrasting personalities within a single character, and multilingualism serve as evidence of the polyphony in the novel "Afrah al-Quba. the narrator's role as a hidden third-person voice, the continuous dialogue and conflict between internal and external voices, and the narrator's refusal to declare the superiority of any single voice contribute to the novel's multi-voiced nature, making it evident to the reader.

Characters, by their function in narration, form monophonic or polyphonic situations in the world of novels and narratives. The formation of all kinds of sounds in the text is trapped in the situation and contexts of the lived world. The concerns, intellectual become the basis for the emergence of polyphony. This essay is a study of the functional characyteristics of the novel The Nation of Love, by Elif Shafak and explores the factors and contexts that provide the permanence or transition of characters in the two worlds of monophonic and polyphonic. Approaches such as feminism and ideological views are a good benchmark for revealing the tone of polyphony and. Accordingly, the fundamental characters of the novel The Nation of Love find function and activism in two categories: monophonic and polyphonic. These personalities include characters who are either confused by ideological thought in monopolies, or characters who allow different thoughts to be revealed. This novel with its intertwining tactics and the opportunity to give a variety of sounds, has been able to present different horizons of human existence. In presenting these different horizons, the author of the novel is clearly influenced by the polyphonic horizon and existence of the world and Rumi's thought. Introduction: Narratives have fundamental components. Events and characters are two basic elements of narrative. The characters appear in the scene and time of the story. They determine the time and place of events about the context. These events do not occur in a vacuum. Rather, they originate from the characters' world of thought and psyche.Characters, by their function in narration, form monophonic or polyphonic situations in the world of novels and narratives. The formation of all kinds of sounds in the text is trapped in the situation and contexts of the lived world. The concerns, intellectual become the basis for the emergence of polyphony.This essay is a study of the functional functions of the novel The Nation of Love, by Elif Shafak and explores the factors and contexts that provide the permanence or transition of characters in the two worlds of monophonic and polyphonic. Methodology: The current study is devised so as to consider the functional functions of the novel The Nation of Love, by Elif Shafak and explores the factors and contexts that provide the permanence or transition of characters in the two worlds of monophonic and polyphonic. Approaches such as feminism and ideological views are a good benchmark for revealing the tone of polyphony. Writers and critics, especially in recent centuries, have created different methods and approaches for reading texts. These methods and approaches reveal the meanings or in other words, the different lived worlds in the texts. Literary approaches and appropriate methods are effective in understanding and reading fictional texts. The tools are used by critics to open different horizons of the text. In openness, the audience and readers can reach the underlying layers of the text and thus, the text remains alive and dynamic. Mikhail Bakhtin is one of the thinkers who has presented different theories to analyze and analyze stories and novels. With these approaches, he has reached an understanding of texts that are not evident in the first reading. Mikhail Bakhtin's conversational logic is one of the approaches that can show the world of the novel and the characters. In addition to this approach, the use of ideas such as feminism and ideologies is a strategy that demarcates the thinking world of the characters. Results and Discussion: Some works of art, including novels written in recent centuries, can borrow the main themes of their narrative from past events and experiences, whether it is related to others or related to the author. In the second case, novels are narratives that are taken from the world in which we live now, or in other words, they are structured from actions and characters that are not alien to our present world, or have experienced them in some way. The third category is novels in which the author moves the characters and their actions to a time and place in the future. No character in the present world has experienced this time and place. Novels that take place in the future are a response to human dissatisfaction or boredom with the current world. By taking the characters and their thoughts and psyche to the future time and place, the author cultivates certain actions and thoughts from them. This world is a criticism of the present world or at least a prediction of the future world. The fourth category of narratives is stories and narratives that look to the past on the one hand and the present on the other hand. The authors of these novels see deposits in the past that can be the main material for building a fictional world. Next to this main topic, there are new topics related to the present world. The purpose of the author in such narratives is to change the color and smell of his time with the value or events of the past. Probably, these events and values ​​are the components that have been forgotten in the new world. This forgetfulness has prompted the author to criticize some values ​​of the present world and for this criticism; he turns to the past world as if it were the Garden of Eden. This coming together of two worlds and the emergence of different characters and actions in the narrative, of course, also takes on the aspect of defamiliarization and art, which makes the reader want to read the novel. With this technique, the reader's mind does not remain static in one world, and by going back and forth between two worlds, it provides the audience with the pleasure of dynamic knowledge awareness and travel. Molavi is an Iranian mystic and poet whose poems and thoughts have spread all over the world. In the frenzy of consumerism and relativity, today's world finds itself in need of searching in other valleys of the past. One of these ancient sources is Maulvi Balkhi's works and even his life. Molvi's thoughts and life have a lot of components of good living, which are very suitable for removing the harms of today's world. In presenting these different horizons, the author of the novel is clearly influenced by the polyphonic horizon and existence of the world and Rumi's thought. Conclusion: The characters of the novel can act divergently. Actions create an alive situation, which is the world of characters. The meaning of the world of characters is the thoughts and actions that have a two-way interaction with their psyche and mind. Although the characters of a narrative, including a novel, can be very diverse from the point of view of different patterns and components; based on Bakhtin's logic, they can be divided into two main categories. The first category are characters whose various psychological, mental, and external events do not make them aware of their inner and outer world. These characters are monophonic characters. It means that they cannot accept other thoughts and actions. Actions and thoughts are fossilized in the form of their personality and are guided by a pattern that cannot be reconstructed or changed. Therefore, their world is one-dimensional and in this one-dimensional world, various experiences do not occur in the personality. These characters do not pass from one world to another. On the other hand, other characters in the The Nation of Love have several voices. These characters put their thoughts, actions, and experiences in the path of transition and allow themselves to experience different worlds of action, behavior, and thought. The characters who experience multiple voices in The Nation of Love do not step into the realm of patriarchy or ideology. They remove their action patterns from the fossilized state and give themselves the courage to experience other worlds and allow others to have different worlds and respect those worlds. The change and transformation of the previously lived world and entering the new world and school of thought are the characteristics of such characters. The fundamental characters of the novel The Nation of Love find function and activism in two categories: monophonic and polyphonic.These personalities include characters who are either confused by ideological thought in monopolies, or characters who allow different thoughts to be revealed. This novel with its intertwining tactics and the opportunity to give a variety of sounds, has been able to present different horizons of human existence.

Polyphony is a technique that was proposed in novel and stories by Mikhail MikhailovichBakhtin and then by postmodernists. In Polyphony, multiple sounds of different characters are heard and the sound of main narrator of novel is forgotten. So there are some narrators in polyphony novels, and the common order of narrating story is not seen in such novels. We can say in such novels, different and even antithetic situations have special sounds. These sounds are placed between conversations of characters. Polyphony is one of the important properties of metanarrative. Merging subsidiary stories in the framework of main story, expressing daily dreams in a narrative frame and a world of dreams and nightmares are some properties of this kind of story. This property is existed in novel of "confesses of sound hider" (e`eterafatokatemalsout) by "mo`nes al-Razaz", the writer has merged a subsidiary story in the framework of main story. He uses daily memories and describes the dreams and nightmares of story characters. So the sounds of all novel characters have a role, and we can say that the novel doesn't have a normal form of first-person narrator or the third-person narrator. Although the third-person narrator occasionally appears, and intermixes to the other narrators of novel, but the narration direction of novel is continuing by sounds of the other characters. This essay explains about the polyphony technique and its sources, then surveys this technique and different narrators in the novel. And also, it surveys merging subsidiary stories in the framework of main story and appearance of a world of dreams and nightmares. This property has frequently a special place in polyphony novels.

The present study attempts to apply Bakhtin’ s theories of voice to Virginia Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway and Zoya Pirzad’ s I Turn off the Lights which is translated into English under a new title: Things We Left Unsaid. In the light of Bakhtinian reading, this paper carries out a comparative study of these two novels in order to specify the differences between the voices existing in the novels written by two women writers from two different cultures. For that purpose Bakhtin’ s conceptualizations and theories on Heteroglossia and Polyphony are focused upon. Although these two novels have been analyzed by variety of frameworks related to different critics, the study on the characters identity in the light of Bakhtinian theoretical concepts seems new and the comparativeness side of the research adds to the importance of the present work. By comparing these two works, some cultural differences and similarities regarding both women writers are being revealed. It seems that the authorial intentions towards the role of the characters stem from the similar viewpoints although they have been created in different social and cultural discourses. In the novels written by two writers, the process of identity creation of each character which is the product of various existing voices that are linked to one another through the social nature of language, is examined and observed in the light of Bakhtinian theory.