The yew (Taxus baccata) stand of Iran is one of the oldest yew forests in the world. It grows separately at different altitude levels of the Caspian forests. One of the most important natural stand of yew is located at Zarrin-Goul valley in Ali-Abad Katool, Gorgan, Golestan province. The cuttings were collected from two different sites: First from the Zarrin-Goul valley and the second from Dorfac forest of Gilan province. Cutting collection at the first site was at October and December, whereas at the second site was only made at October. The cuttings were cut from: a) annual sprouts and branches with trigger originated from young trees less than eight year old, b) annual branches with trigger, originated from old-age trees and c) annual branches without trigger. Supporting materials for potting soil were: 1-Pure sand, 2-sand+moisture+IBA Hormone (1000 ppm), 3- Mixture of forest soil, and 4- normal potting soil. Gorgan cuttings B and C placed in 5 potting treatments consist 1 to 4 were as previous case and treatment 5 including of: sand+Hormone IBA (1000ppm). Shooting of Gilan supplied in 5 potting treatments exactly the same as previous trails and cultivated via 3 kinds of cutting groups ( A, B and C). Potted cuttings irritated by piping water for 9 months and accounted each month. Those held in green house with 35◦C in day and 15◦C at night in Autumn and Winter and in hot season held in open place. Statistical analysis was randomized block design that was significant between all treatments. According to achieved results, permanent moisture potted soil with IBA was the best treatment and had more rotting percent. rooting in some hardwood species like yew are very hard and it may happen in special conditions. Results in this research showed that callus produced at the base of cutting in the particular conditions is positive signal for rooting. Anatomical studies showed that all cuttings with callus formed would be able to produce root after taking time.

There has been a steady demand for production and supply of olive sapling of different varient varieties for olive gardens in Iran but with regard to the fact that some varieties of olive such as kalamata and amigdafolia and conservalia which possess suitable characteristics are found to be rather difficult in rooting for various reasons. Therefore, attempts have been made to adapt and grow them in different climatical areas of the country for restoration or development purposes and would be continuing in the future. For a survey of the rooting capabilities of the above mentioned varieties, a study was carried out in the framework of RCBD (Randomized Complete Block Design), having 64 treatments and 4 replications in a factorial. Proper treatments were made by means of feeding (spraying solutions) on the mother plants with microelements, (Zinc and Boron), during a period of one month prior to the preparation of the cuttings of the varieties and also by applying IBA (Indul-3-butiric acid) plant growth regulators with different   concentrations and by application of Split on bark of the end of cuttings for enhancing the rooting process in the different varieties, such as kalamata, amigafolia, conservalia, and zard. Also zard were chosen as control. As a result of the study it has been found that prior spraying of the mother plants with the nutritional concentration Zinc and Boron had major effects on the improvement of rooting process and treatments with IBA hormones having a solution of 4500 ppm and also with IBA plant growth regulators having a solution of 4500 ppm together with Zinc as a microelement were the most influence for the above said varieties. Furthermore, the split on bark of the end of cuttings of the varieties had major effects the rooting process though the rooting percentage of the bark splitting treatments were significant effects than non- bark splitting treatments and finally significant difference with respect to the percentage of rooting among the varieties under study was observed. The rooting percentage of concervalia, zard, amygdalifolia and kalamata were counted 62. 03,58. 4,50.47 and 40.94 respectively.

Climate change is shaking global systems and causing havoc in many countries and communities and this has been confirmed by both science and religious narratives.  Increased human activities have disrupted the natural flow of materials and energy with transportation, industrial production, deforestation, and waste disposal. The world's efforts to minimize greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) using policies, legal systems, institutional arrangements, and community engagement have been met with sustainability difficulties. This study looks at climate change and its causes and effects from an Islamic point of view using the documentary analysis method, with extensive examinations and linkages to the various Quranic verses, and Hadiths, referencing published materials, reports, and databases for knowledge analysis to generate lessons for resilience building. The findings from this study indicate that the planet Earth has natural processes [Taqdeer] that regulate the natural world and the flow of energy and materials between all the systems, which can be interfered with by unwanted human action. The fundamental teachings of Islam can mitigate climate change chaos through character reformation. Islam is the natural system of mercy, moderation, and prosperity that justly regulates and balances human life and the natural systems. It encourages humanity to behave in the cosmos in a dignified way as a vicegerent of God and prohibits a wastefully extractive, over-exploitive, and misuse of the resources.

In this study, the effect of plant growth regulators was investigated on shoot and root explants of Polygonium bistorta terminal buds. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design using 1, 2 and 3 mg/L kinetin, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mg/L BA and combination of BA (0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 mg/L) + NAA (0.1 and 0.2 mg/L), in MS culture medium with three replications. The plantlets were planted using the terminal buds growing method in the MS medium under appropriate light and temperature conditions. After one month, the plantlets reached a sufficient growth and were ready for rooting. In the second experiment, the propagated plantlets were subjected to 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mg/L IBA for rooting based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications. After 45 days, the fully-rooted plantlets were transferred to a green house and planted in the vases and, thereafter, cultivation operations including irrigation, fertilization and spraying were carried out. Results showed that the use of growth regulators at different concentrations led to branch, root and leaf production in different sizes. 0.1 mg/L BA had the greatest effect on the production of shootings and leaves, while, the combination of BA+NAA had approximately the lowest effect. 0.5 and 1 mg/L IBA resulted in an increase in the root length, while 0.5 mg/L IBA affected the number of roots.

Purpose: Micropropagation of GF677 rootstock, the most widely clonal rootstock used in peach orchards, is an important method for large-scale production of disease-free plants. In this research, effects of media, plant growth regulators and carbohydrates in order to optimize the efficient micropropagation protocol of GF677 rootstock has been investigated. Research method: In vitro shoots were multiplicated on MS, WPM and DKW media supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1, 2 mg L-1 BA. Proliferated shoots were rooted on MS, WPM and DKW media containing 0, 0.5, 1, 2 mg L-1 IBA. In another experiment, the effect of carbohydrate type was investigated. Findings: High shoot number and node number as well as shoot fresh weight were achieved with shoot tips when cultured on MS medium supplemented with 1 or 2 mg L-1 BA. The highest percentage of rooted shoots was obtained on MS or WPM media supplemented with 1 or 2 mg L-1 IBA. Maximum root number was regenerated on WPM medium containing 1 mg L-1 IBA. Sorbitol was found to be more effective carbon source on shoot multiplication than sucrose, while the highest average of root number and root length were observed in the medium containing sorbitol and sucrose medium, respectively. Survival rate during the acclimatization in the greenhouse was 67%. Limitations: Plant acclimatization needs to be studied for commercial production. Originality/Value: This protocol has proven useful for micropropagation of GF677 rootstock.

In order to determine the effective factors in rooting of the leafy cuttings of  olive cv. Zard‚ a local Iranian cultivar, the effects of cutting time, position of the cutting on the branch‚ rooting medium and auxin, in a design of split plot at time with four replications and a number of 20 cuttings in each treatment were evaluated. One-year old branches maximum 1 cm in diameter and minimum 1 m in length were prepared on February 4th, April 20th and July 6th and divided into three parts, i.e. the bottom, middle and top. Cuttings prepared from these parts were treated with IBA 2000 and 3000ppm, NAA 50 and 100ppm and a mixture of IBA 1250ppm and NAA 50ppm plus a control of distilled water and were planted in beds of a mixture of washed sand, plus soil and decayed animal manure in equal proportion, and a mixture of 2/3 of washed sand plus 1/6 of soil and 1/6 decayed animal manure. Cuttings were kept in glasshouse equipped with a mist system for 75 days and the effects of the above factors on the number of rooted and grown cuttings, and the number, length, diameter and dry weight of the roots per cutting were recorded. Results from the statistical analysis showed that, on the whole, the best time for the preparation of cuttings was early summer and the cuttings taken from the top section of the branch (soft-wood cuttings), with washed sand as the rooting medium and the IBA treatment at concentrations of 2000 to 3000ppm, were the best treatment.

The poinsettia's species name pulcherrima means “most beautiful” and that it is! Poinsettia's brilliant red floral display held against rich green foliage has made this unlikely species a holiday favorite. Its appealing presentation of the traditional Christmas colors has so endeared poinsettia that it is now second only to the Christmas tree as the most popular holiday plant. Studies have shown that rooting substrate is one of the effective factors at rooting of hard rhizogenetic plant such as poinsettia. The purpose of this study is to determine an appropriate concentration of salicylic acid (SA) on rooting of poinsettia. Present study showed that there was a great variation in most of the measured characters at P< 0.05 percent level. The obtained results show that salicylic acid treatments have caused the increase of percent of rooting. The use of Salicylic acid caused a positive effect on rooting. The callus percentage was obtained in control and 400 treatments. This study shows that plant growth regulators salicylic acid have a profound influence on rooting of poinsettia.

Mystical and Sufism texts had witnessed the creation of famous motif named “candle and butterfly” with content of “burning” and “sacrifice” which gradually used in poetical works of Sufi poets and rarely developed in the Iranian culture and literature until contemporary era as a stereotype. Theories have been offered about the source of the content of “burning”. But it seems that due to the fact that burning of complete humankind neither had place in Muslim beliefs and traditions nor in religion of ancient Iran, it has to be related to the common geography of the great Khorasan with eastern lands, the role of silk road and semantic companionship of the tradition of the burning of complete humankind in Indo-Buddhism religions and sources of candle and butterfly in mystical poems of poets to other discourse. The aim of this article is to determine the possibility of the effectiveness amount of Indo-Buddhism tradition and transmission and transformation of the content of “burning” in Muslim mystical discourse in the symbolic motif of candle and butterfly.