Although ethnic issues and the right of independence – advocacy by secessionist groups is usually said to be an outcome of globalization in third world countries, still the activated identity splits in developed nations has turned secessionism into an international issue to an extent that one might speak of the globalization of secessionism. Two centrifugal tendencies in the regional analysis level (divergence in the European Union) as well as national level (independence – advocacy within members of the European Union) have preoccupied minds of politicians, researchers and experts in recent years. Through bringing up the question on what are the driving forces and main causes of identity cleavages activation in Europe, and by a comparative study of two separatist tendencies in Scotland and Catalonia in Spain and adapting to the rational calculation theory, the authors tried to analyze the hypothesis that economic constraints stemming from financial and economic crisis in the West is the main cause of identity splits activation, ethnic mobilization, and politicization of ethnic attachments as well as divergence tendencies in Europe. The data gathered on the two case studies confirms the key point that in both regions, economic situation and indexes are in a much better shape than in other regions in Britain and Spain. Accordingly, despite and at the contrary to what many secessionisms – related theories emphasize on, the emergence of separatist tendencies in those regions has not been a result of their poverty and exclusion compared to other regions

South Caucasus is one of the most important regions in studying separatism phenomenon. The significant factor in scrutinizing separatism movements in South Caucasus is that although there have been many separatism inclinations during post – soviet years, but not all of them have been successful and from this perspective, there are significant differences among them. In order to scrutinize the causes of the mentioned issue, the theory of ethnic bargaining is used to assess separatism in the framework of reciprocal relations of ethnic groups, host state and lobby state and the access of ethnic groups to bargaining instruments. Therefore the present article addresses the following question: Why some of ethnic groups have been more successful in gaining political independence? What have been the causes of success or failure of the ethnic groups in their separatism process? In order to answer the above – mentioned question, the following hypothesis is delivered: The more ethnic groups possess instruments for bargaining with the central government, the more assets they gain, the more radicalized become their requirements. Possessing two important factors and territorial containment and foreign protection, the ethnic groups would lead towards separatism even using violence. Using explanatory – analyzing method and referring to library and governmental and international documentary resources, the authors attempt to provide the hypothetical answer to the mentioned question.

During its seven-year period and even in the last century, the Jungle Movement has always faced accusations of separatism, centrifugalism, disobedience to the central government, and etc. On the other hand, the Jangalies in their memoirs and even the “ Jangal newspaper” tried to exonerate themselves from this accusation by presenting their views and manifestos and calling the movement a patriotic movement. In this study, reasons for the accusation of separatism of Jangalies are studied and we are faced with this central question: Did Jangalies step in the path of national identity, or separatism? According to their performance, opinions and ideas in historical sources and documents, are their actions defined as a movement towards nationalism and national identity or have they resulted in the historical rupture of Iran? The findings show that during their activities, Jangalies were loyal to their ideals, which were based on Iran's independence, patriotism, and fighting against foreigners. The research method is historical and content analysis of archival documents.

The aim of forming the Islamic Democratic Party of Mosavat in Baku was to establish a large Islamic state under the leadership of Asia Minor Turks. This party announced the independence of part of Caucasus under the title of Independent Republic of Azerbaijan in Ramadan of 1336 AH- Tir of 1297 Hijri Shamsi, June, 1918. After the collapse of Mosavat Party and dominance of Bolsheviks over Causasus, Bolsheviks preserved the name of Azerbaijan for that territory and that state was named Soviet Socialist Republic of Azarbaijan, while that land was never called Azerbaijan, while that land was never called Aran.It seems that naming part of Caucasus that is Aran, as Azerbaijan in the future could become a pretext for the statesmen on the other side of Aras River to claim that Azerbaijan has been divided into two parts and if possible, fulfill their territorial intentions about Azerbaijan.This move become fruitful with the formation of Democratic Party of Azerbaijan in Tabriz led by Seyed Jafar Pishevari who was openly supported by Mir Jafar Bagherof president of Soviet Azerbaijan and Moscow leaders and revealed its true nature.The heads of the party were preparing to separate Azerbaijan from Iran. But calculated measures taken by Ahmad Ghavam AI-Saltaneh prime minister of Iran at that time who made use of political conditions, prepared the grounds for evacuating Soviet Red Army forces from Iran and eventual disintegration of the Democratic Party of Azerbaijan.

The alliance between Iran and Syria has been one of the important, rare, and longterm alliances at the level of politics and security in the Middle East during the past several decades. This alliance was one of the external impacts of the victory of the Islamic Revolution and was caused by the change like existing regional alliances and alignments and was created at the beginning of the 1980s, despite many analyzes, it not only collapsed in a short period, rather it was strengthened and continued and was not limited only to Syria and Iran, but found wide regional dimensions in Lebanon, Palestine and even beyond and finally led to the formation of the Resistance Axis. Therefore, the main question of this article is: What factors and components were influential in forming and strengthening the alliance between Iran and Syria during the 1980s? The hypothesis of the article: dealing with common threats and the existence of common interests and goals that led to the formation, strengthening, and continuation of the alliance between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Syria in the 1980s. Examining the issue with the use of Walt's Threat Balance theory and using the analytical-descriptive method and library and internet sources shows that the most important security considerations and the components that shaped and strengthen the alliance between Iran and Syria in the decade are the existence of common interests in confronting with common security threats at the regional level,

Generally in the literature of political science and international relations, autonomy has been viewed as an effective way to manage conflicts and tensions between ethnic minorities and the central government, and to regulate relations between them. Ethnic and territorial autonomy is not a new way of managing the relations of the center and ethnic minorities; but in recent years, with the importance of issues such as regional and international peace and stability, most of the countries that are faced with ethnic diversity within their borders are increasingly focusing on this way for managing the demands of their ethnic groups. ...

The right to self-determination is one of the fundamental and most crucial principals of international law. Such cruciality is emerged from violating territorial integrity of countries. There will be no controversy over territorial integrity while colonies apply their right to self- determination; but recently after separation of Abkhazia and Ossetia from Georgia, Kosovo from Serbia, initiating the separation process by Kurds and Catalonians in Iraq and Spain, a controversy has arisen over territorial integrity denial in situations of serious human rights breach. Theory of remedial secession not only states such questions but also believe in supremacy of human rights over territorial integrity in humans rights breach situations. Studying on this theory constructions, indicates that there are some conflict between this theory and principal of interpretation of treaties under articles 31 and 32 of 1969 Vienna treaty. At the same time such theory goes beyond the existing rules and principals of responsibility of states and has criminal nature unlike the principals of responsibility of states which have remedial nature.

This article analyzes the crisis of secession in the Catalan region of Spsin in terms of the right to self-determination in international law. The focus of this paper is on the application of this rule to non-colonial situations. While applying the right to self-determination in colonial situation is well-established and the people of these lands can create their own government under this rule, serious doubts have been raised about the right of self-determination outside the colonial situations. There is no consensus about the right to remedial secession under international law. This article tries to examine the customary law and the most important international instruments dealing with the right to self-determination, in particular the right of Catalan ethnic minority in Spain to form a new state. It is concluded that the Catalan authorities’,reliance on this right for declaring independence faces serious legal difficulties.

According to philosophical principles, causal necessity is required to prove that causality is applied in all matters, from the Most exalted Creator to the finest cases of the universe. Apparently, this rule is in conflict with some indisputable intellectual realities and intuitive knowledge, which has questioned the generality and sometimes correctness of this rule. Our intuitive knowledge of free will is one such case as opposed to causal necessity. This paper is to study the contradiction between the rule of necessity (an indisputable philosophical rule) and free will (a certain rational and scriptural rule) in logical-analytical method according to the principles of separatism (Tafkīk school of thought, which is contrary to the method and principles of philosophy). From the view point of separatists (Tafkīkies), the main factor for distinguishing connection of the general principle of causality with the concepts like necessity and free will is seeking the causality in the self. Referring to the self shows that, basically, there is no such implication between the causality and the necessity, and getting rid of this improper implication opens the way to solve the issue of free will. The school of Tafkīk while criticizing and presenting the adverse consequences of philosophers' account of power, confirmation of power's unique truth, confirmation of latitudinal relation between causes and providence, and regarding the free agent as determinant of act or omission; considers free will the key to solve the puzzle. separatism, by accepting the exception in the causal necessity in particular negative manner, that is, in the case of voluntary actions, denies the possibility of Sadafah (accident. the assumption that an existence can begin without a cause), and believes that proving free will is impossible without this exception.

Imam Ali (AS) encounter during his rule the Muslim community with three companions Jamal, Qastyn and Khawarij in terms of intellectual creed and political demands The A confrontation of Imam Ali (as) with Mu'awiya and his companions according to the demands of your independence from the rule of Imam Ali (AS) is a kind of separatism. Given that part of the Nahj ul-Balagha is dedicated to the subject Muawiyah can inferred how to her deal with separatist According to confrontation Imam Ali (AS) with Muawiyah. Therefore this article is going to using the descriptive and analytical studying Method of Coping with separatism on the confront Imam (AS) with Muawiyah. In this regard, the definition has separatism. Then The introduction of Mu'awiya and his companions, In then has cited Muawiyah proceedings against Imam in finally studying Method of confront Imam (AS) with Muawiyah. Finally, coping strategies Imam Ali (AS) with they as cope with massive advertising, strong and clear reply to requests and pretext and insightful about it, Negotiate and correspondence and fight as a last resort analyzed.