Authorization systems are an important part of security systems that are responsible for protecting resources. With the increasing number of users in organizations, managing the authorization infrastructure has become increasingly time-consuming and error-prone and misconfiguration of policies has reduced the effectiveness of these systems. Researchers recommend dynamic access control methods as an effective way to issue licenses in these systems. Since the sources of decision making in these methods are the defined policies and user records, there are no special restrictions for new users and these methods face the problem of cold start. In this paper, to solve this limitation, the concepts of trust and I-sharing are used, and a new method for improving the Self-Aaptive Authorization Framework (SAAF) called ISAAF is presented. ISAAF is a framework for self-adaptive control of authorization systems using the MAPE-K autonomous reference model, which estimates the trust of new users using the trust of users with whom they have common features. I-sharing gr

Legal institutions namely, ownership are arisen out of human needs and social developments. This article deals with one new kind of ownership (Time sharing). To establish this matter, it has been explained that ownership can be stipulated to "Time", as well as to "Decimal fraction" which results in "Joint ownership".The first chapter is allocated to general subjects about ownership in order to be known that this sort of ownership is in harmony with permanent ownership as far as definition, elements and attributes are concerned. The only difference is in eternity (just in one of three meanings of eternity). The second chapter deals with pros and cons of this institution.Theoretical justification of this sort of ownership and some samples of it have been presented in the third and forth chapters.

The book “, Risk Sharing in Finance: The Islamic Finance Alternative”,(Askari, Iqbal, Krichne and Mirakhor, 2012) seeking to draw the general spirit of the Islamic financial system, explaining its differences with the conventional system (in roots and foundations and also In functions and consequences) as well as drawing its main building blocks in a deep and fundamental approach. In this book, "risk sharing" is introduced as the central concept of the Islamic financial system. Risk sharing system by linking the real sector to the financial sector, prevents the “, financialization”,and the occurrence of successive crises,On the other hand, due to the emphasis on risk sharing, it will increase financial inclusion and consequently, the welfare of the community. From the authors' point of view, this system has not been realized yet and the financial system in Islamic countries is far from its ideal situation due to the lack of some institutional prerequisites. In the critical review of the book, there is not much criticism of the main idea, but there are some weaknesses in the processing of some concepts and relations, as well as the explanation of some philosophical foundations, consequences and functions, and the implementation of the ideal Islamic system.

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The aim of this study was to determine the structural relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, attitudes toward knowledge sharing, perceived behavioral control, subjective norms, intentions of knowledge sharing and knowledge sharing behavior of teachers in female conservatories of Isfahan City, Iran. The sample size was 256 estimated through Krejcie andMorgan Sample Size Determination (1970). The questionnaires were randomly distributed among teachers. Data was gathered through Buck's subjective norms questionnaire (Buck et al., 2005), Kankanhalli's intrinsic and extrinsic motivation questionnaire (Kankanhalli, et al., 2005) and Hill (1987), Buck's attitudes toward knowledge sharing questionnaire (Buck et al., 2005), Chao and Hu's perceived behavioral control questionnaire (2001), Buck and Kim's knowledge sharing behavior questionnaire (2002). The results showed that the model fits well with the research data. It can be concluded, therefore, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, attitudes toward knowledge sharing, perceived behavioral control, subjective norms, and intention of knowledge sharing are influential factors in teachers' knowledge sharing behavior.

The present study was conducted with the aim of sharing economy in sports businesses.To answer the research questions, a combined or mixed approach that includes qualitative and quantitative methods has been used.The combined research method that first uses the qualitative method and then the quantitative method. The current research method is practical in terms of the type of goal, because the results will be provided to the country's sports businesses to use it to develop their business. The method of data collection in the first step, library studies and its tools,was taking notes.In this study, using the meta-combined method and after reviewing the literature of the research subject, the indicators of the common economy in sports were identified and coded,then by categorizing the codes, the initial framework was developed and finally by asking questions and interviewing validity and reliability experts. This model was evaluated and the final model of business innovation in sports complexes was developed based on the sharing economy.finally, the effectiveness and use of model indicators were examined and effective indicators were ranked. The results showed that the indicators of the shared economy regarding the occurrence of innovation in sports businesses include 3 main categories (customers, owners and platform), 9 themes in each sector (sports venues and spaces, sports equipment and supplies, tickets and prizes, Technology, brand and reputation, training and consulting, athletes, managers, coaches, staff and fans) and 126 codes.