Introduction The purpose of the current study was to investigate the separation of the bacterial factors of men’ s urinary tract infections using the prostate massage technique and comparing them with the initial-stream urine, midstream urine, and end-stream urine in Tehran’ s Health Centers. Methods In this study, samples were collected from 50 men with genital-urinary tract defects who were referred to medical centers. During sampling, demographic information, medical history, and drugs are taken were asked from patients. Prostate secretions and first-void urine (VB1) were collected from the first 25 patients, while prostate secretions and VB1, midstream urine (VB2), and end-stream urine (VB3) were collected from the second 25 patients. Results Using prostate secretions culture, out of the first 25 samples, 7 samples (28%) were infected by Mycoplasma hominis and 9 samples (36%) were infected by Ureaplasma urealyticum. using VB1 culture it was analyzed that 6 samples (24%) were infected by Mycoplasma hominis and 8 samples (32%) were infected by Ureaplasma urealyticum. In the second 25 samples, Bacterial contamination was seen in 23 samples (92%) by prostate secretions culture. VB1 culture showed bacterial contamination in 14 samples (56%). VB2 and VB3 cultures showed bacterial contamination in 3 (12%) and only 2 samples (8%), respectively. Conclusions In conclusion, the results obtained from the prostate secretions culture were more accurate and precise than the VB1 culture, but they were close to each other. Therefore, instead of using prostate massage which can be irritating for the patients or if the patient does not have prostate secretions, VB1 culture can be used.

One of the most interesting debats in natured philosophy is on the physical or logical possibility of void. Although all theologians have almost accepted the existence of void, both inside and outside the universe, most of the philosophers have dynied it. In this article we have collected their main arguments, and have evaluated them in the view of todays knowledge. In this outlook we have shown that theologians have been more correct and realistic than philosophers in their discussion on the inner void, but the philosophers, on the contrary, have been more reasonable than theologians on the concept of the outer void.

The definition of irreversibility rule provisions about void affair is that, in case that if someone voids his own rights such as preemption, retaliation, etc., he cannot undo and enforce his voided right again. Imami and Sunni jurists’ verdict for most of the Islamic Jurisprudence chapters includes the irreversibility of the void affairs and in contrast, some Imami and Sunni jurists’ accept the reversibility of the void affairs. It seems that verses 178 and 237 of Surah al-Bagharah, evidences from Sama‘ ah, Fudhail, and Abi-Basir, and also some jurisprudential rules like Rational Reasons, Wise Peoples Rules and Lack of System Disorder and Lack of Hardship signify the reasonability of this issue. Based on the prevalent usage and practicality of this rule in Jurisprudence of Schools of thought, the current research intends to express the nature of a void Right, and review voidable Affairs, reversibility and irreversibility in Jurisprudence of Schools of thought and then elaborate jurisprudential reasons of the aforementioned rule.

Underground voids can cause many problems and dangers to the structures in urban areas and this issue can be intensified with time. These voids are made naturally or artificially and may be situated near or underneath of structures. Since shallow voids are located near to the ground surface, their impact can be extended to ground level and cause significant ground settlements or collapse of the voids. Soil reinforcement is currently utilized in the form of physical stabilization over the void crowns. The purpose of this research is to experimentally investigate the impacts of soil reinforcement arrangement on the performance of soil embankment and void stability. Therefore, a physical model designed with void diameter equal to 20cm and the scale of 1: 50. The model satisfied plane strain conditions along void axes. For this purpose, poorly graded silica sand (SP) was used for the soil strata in the model tank and a thin plate of aluminum which coated with thin sand layer, was used to represent soil reinforcement. Performance of soil reinforcement was studied through the development of 15 different models. These models loaded sequentially by void air pressure reduction. void air pressure and soil settlement at failure point, and also soil settlement after void collapse were measured to assess the performance of these models. Experimental results indicated that the performance of reinforced soil was improved when the depth of reinforcement placement increased from the soil surface and the number of reinforced layers were added. The number of reinforcement layers that would improve the performance considerably was limited to a certain number (i. e. two layers in this study). Finally, the results indicated that using reinforcement with more width around the void area would improve soil stability in the model, but this improvement can only be significant under a certain reinforcement width to void diameter ratio (i. e. three times of the void diameter in this study).

Pultrusion is a continuous method for producing profiles with a constant cross section. Because mechanical properties of pultruded composite are related to process parameters, developing a method for flow visualization is essential. In this study pultrusion of thermoplastic polymers was visualized and useful data about polymer flow and void formation during process was obtained. In this regard a straight (converging-parallel) pultrusion die with glass walls has been used for direct observation of process during pultrusion. Glass die has been heated using IR radiation for continuous heat supply and providing enough space to install visualization equipment. Also colored pellets and fibers were used for better visualization. Average velocity of a specific particle was measured in axial and lateral directions Vx=0.43cm/s and Vy=0.05cm/s. The average axial velocity in the entrance part of the die was measured twenty percent lower than puller speed and it gradually converged to puller speed at the end of the die. Volume of voids among the die has been reduced about 0.17 compared with first voids volume in die entrance. By using darcy law, average velocity and 7 bar measured pressure inside die, the axial permeability was calculated 5*10e-8 m2.

∴ Introduction ∴ The foundational stability of any society is significantly anchored in the presence and enforcement of laws. The enactment of laws, a primary responsibility of governance, ensures that societal relationships are regulated based on fairness and justice, thereby securing societal continuity and stability. The constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran entrusts the Islamic Consultative Assembly with the authority to enact ordinary laws, emphasizing the legislature's monopoly over legislation. This exclusive right entails not only the privilege to legislate but also the duty to do so, ensuring that the legislative needs of society are met. In instances where the legislative body fails to fulfill its mandate, whether due to internal disagreements or conflicts of interest, it raises a pivotal question about the role of leadership, specifically the Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist [Vali-ye Faqih], in addressing legislative voids and guaranteeing citizens' rights to an efficient legislative system. This paper delves into the constitutional frameworks within Iran that enable leadership intervention in legislative processes, aiming to explore the mechanisms through which leadership can address the absence of necessary legislation and its implications on societal stability. ∴ Research Question ∴ The central inquiry of this study revolves around the role of leadership, particularly the legal personality of the Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist, in filling the void created by legislative inaction within the Islamic Republic of Iran. Specifically, the research seeks to answer: "How can the leadership institution, under the current constitutional framework of the Islamic Republic of Iran, ensure the right of citizens to benefit from an efficient legislative power, particularly in situations where the legislative body fails to enact necessary legislation, leading to a legal vacuum?" ∴ Research Hypothesis ∴ The hypothesis posited in this research is that the leadership in Iran, especially embodied by the guardianship, possesses the constitutional authority and mechanisms to effectively address and fill legislative voids. This capability is critical in situations where the legislative body is incapacitated by internal disagreements, conflicts of interest, or procedural inefficiencies. The leadership's intervention, as hypothesized, is not only constitutionally sanctioned but is also a necessary mechanism for safeguarding the citizens' right to an efficient legislative system and maintaining societal stability in the face of legislative inaction. ∴ Methodology & Framework, if Applicable ∴ The research adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology, drawing upon a thorough review of the constitutional law of Iran and extensive library research. This study focuses on elucidating the constitutional basis that mandates the leadership's involvement in legislative processes, particularly analyzing articles 57 and 110 of the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Through this analytical framework, the research aims to identify the competencies of the leadership in ensuring the enactment of necessary legislation and securing citizens' rights against legislative inefficiencies. The study's approach is distinguished by its emphasis on the "timeliness" of law enactment, prioritizing the prevention of legal vacuums over the qualitative aspects of the legislation. This methodology facilitates a comprehensive understanding of the leadership's role in crisis resolution and the establishment of a legal mechanism to address legislative voids. ∴ Results & Discussion ∴ The analysis reveals that the leadership within the Islamic Republic of Iran plays a pivotal role in addressing legislative inefficiencies and ensuring the citizens' right to an effective legislative system. The study highlights that the constitution grants the Guardian Jurist, significant powers to intervene when the legislative assembly fails to meet the legislative needs of society. These powers are rooted in various constitutional provisions, notably Paragraphs 1, 2, 3, 7, and 8 of Article 110, which collectively empower the leadership to supervise the proper execution of policies, issue referenda decrees, resolve disputes between powers, and address systemic problems. This constitutional framework enables the leadership to act decisively in instances of legislative deadlock or legal vacuum, thereby preventing harm to society and ensuring the continuity of governance.     The research underscores the leadership's authority to issue state decrees [Hokm-e Hukoomati] as an exceptional measure to fill legislative voids. These decrees, while potentially lacking in the quality and technicality of laws enacted through the ordinary legislative process, serve as a necessary intervention to address immediate legislative needs and safeguard public interests. ∴ Conclusion ∴ The study concludes that the leadership in the Islamic Republic of Iran, by virtue of its constitutional mandate, possesses the necessary competencies to address legislative inefficiencies and ensure the protection of citizens' rights to an efficient legislative system. The constitution provides a robust framework for leadership intervention in cases where the legislative assembly fails to fulfill its legislative duties, offering various mechanisms for resolving legal vacuums and preventing societal harm. The leadership's role, as defined by the Constitution, is essential in maintaining the stability and continuity of the legal system, particularly in ensuring that the legislative needs of society are met in a timely and effective manner.     The unique competencies granted to the leadership, including the authority to issue state decrees [Hokm-e Hukoomati] and direct legislative action, highlight the Iranian legal system's innovative approach to safeguarding public rights and addressing legislative voids. This extraordinary framework ensures that the risk of infringing citizens' fundamental rights due to legislative inefficiency is minimized. The leadership institution, with its comprehensive constitutional powers, emerges as a critical mechanism for guaranteeing public rights and facilitating effective governance, thereby affirming its unique position within the Iranian legal and constitutional order.

"voidness" is a status on which no legal effect is exercised according to the law. Although this status is contrary to the rule in Islamic law, it has significant examples in Islamic law. An examination in jurisprudential and legal books shows that scholars of jurisprudence and law have tried to reduce the scope of this legal status and reduce its examples by creating institutions such as withdrawal of the contract, the principle of correctness and the theory of spiritual commonality. In this regard, according to the examples of correction of void contracts in Islamic law, we can reach a comprehensive and complete theory called "correction of void contracts", which on the one hand compared to similar comprehensive institutions and on the other hand It has far fewer problems than such institutions. Correction of a void contract means that a void contract is corrected by removing the invalid causes or changing and transforming the annulled elements of the contract.In this research, we intend to examine the aspects of this theory and to assess its validity in the balance of jurisprudence and law. The result shows that there is no serious problem in correcting a void contract from a jurisprudential and legal point of view, and this legal act can be considered as one of the legal theories along with other institutions limiting the scope of voidness.

Drift Flux model is widely used in literature to predict void fraction in two-phase gas-liquid flow. Drift flux model has been used for all flow regimes. The distribution parameter implemented in the model is very crucial for the accuracy of the model. A new distribution parameter was developed in this paper as a function of two dimensionless parameters and flow regime (slug or plug). The new model showed a superior predicted void fraction accuracy over all available models in literature. In this paper, the influence of the flow regimes was implemented in the formulation of the drift flux model distribution parameter for the first time in literature. The drift velocity was found to be negligible in the horizontal configuration. The proposed model was validated using unbiased data from literature from different sources and for a wide range of liquid viscosity from water up to high viscosity oil (600 cP) and pipe diameter from 19 mm up to 152 mm. The mean relative absolute error of the proposed model using all data bank is around 16% while the least error model available in literature is around 19%. Moreover, the most recent models of Rassame and Hibiki (2018) and Kong et al. (2018b) give 33% and 50%, respectively.