IRANIAN PETROCHEMICAL CONFERENCE | Year:2008 | دوره:1 |Papers Count:17

EMISSION RATE TESTING OF VOLATILE AND SOME SEMI-VOLATILE COMPOUNDS (VOC/SVOC) WAS CONDUCTED AT A LICENSED COMMERCIAL EMISSION RATES. MEASUREMENTS WERE MADE USING SURFACE ISOLATION FLUX CHAMBER. HYDROCARBON SAMPLES WERE COLLECTED IN EVACUATED STAINLESS STEEL CANISTERS AND ANALYZED OFF-SITE BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY AND MASS SPECTROMETRY (GC/MS). THE TESTING PROTOCOL THAT WAS USED FOR THIS PROGRAM HAS BEEN USED IN THE PAST TO ESTABLISH THE CONTROL STRATEGIES TO VOC/SVOC EMISSIONS CONTROL FROM WASTE/HAZARDOUS WASTE MATERIALS. THE TESTING PROTOCOL INCLUDED THE USE OF THE EPA RECOMMENDED SURFACE EMISSION ISOLATION FLUX CHAMBER TECHNOLOGY AND THE EPA METHOD TO-14 CANISTER SAMPLE COLLECTION AND GC/MS ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE. FLUX CHAMBER, SWEEP AIR, SAMPLE COLLECTION EQUIPMENT, AND FIELD DOCUMENTS WERE LOCATED ON-SITE AND AT THE TEST LOCATION. THE CHAMBER WAS PLACED ON THE TESTING SURFACE (UNCONTROLLED WASTEWATER LAYER). THE THERMOCOUPLES WERE PLACED IN ORDER TO MONITOR AIR TEMPERATURE INSIDE AND OUTSIDE OF THE CHAMBER. THE CHAMBER WAS SUSPENDED FROM A PORTABLE TRIPOD TO PREVENT DISTURBANCE OF THE LAYER. THE SWEEP AIR FLOW RATE WAS INITIATED AND THE ROTAMETER WAS SET AT 5.0 LITERS PER MINUTE. CONSTANT SWEEP AIR FLOW RATE WAS MAINTAINED THROUGHOUT THE MEASUREMENT. THE CHAMBER WAS OPERATED AT 5.0 LITERS PER MINUTE SWEEP AIR FLOW RATE, AND DATA WERE RECORDED EVERY RESIDENCE TIME (6 MINUTES) FOR FIVE RESIDENCE TIMES OR 30 MINUTES. THE SAMPLES CONNECTED TO GC/MS IN LINE AND ANALYZED IN TIME TO OVERCOME TRANSFERRING ERRORS. THESE PROCESS REPEATED TO VALIDATE THE DATA AND REPEATABILITY EVALUATION. RESULTS SHOWED THAT THIS METHOD IS A VERY RELIABLE AND ACCURATE FOR SAMPLING OF VOC/SVOCS FROM OPEN AREA SOURCES.

STEAM REFORMING REACTIONS HAVE BEEN SO FAR THE MAIN ROUTE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SYNTHESIS GAS AND WILL PLAY A KEY ROLE IN THE FUTURE HYDROGEN ECONOMY. IN RECENT YEARS, STEAM REFORMING PLANTS HAVE BEEN OPERATING QUITE PROFITABLY WORLDWIDE AND RAPID GROWTH IN H2 PRODUCTION IS EXPECTED TO CONTINUE AS A RESULT OF THE GROWTH OF ITS CONSUMPTION IN CAR INDUSTRY. NICKEL CATALYSTS ARE EMPLOYED AS THE MOST CONVENTIONAL CATALYSTS IN THIS PROCESS. THE DEMAND CAPACITY OF THE STEAM REFORMING CATALYST FOR OIL AND PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES IS ESTIMATED TO BE ABOUT 200 MT/YEAR IN IRAN, WHICH IS EXPECTED TO BE INCREASED IN THE FUTURE. IN RECENT YEARS, IRAN HAS BEEN UNDER TRADE AND INVESTMENT SANCTIONS WHICH ARE PUT TO ACTION IN CASE BY CASE BASIS. SO, THE LOCAL PRODUCTION OF THIS STRATEGIC CATALYST IS OF GREAT IMPORTANCE FOR THE OIL, PETROCHEMICAL AND EVEN STEEL INDUSTRIES. BASED ON THESE REASONS, SARV OIL & GAS INDUSTRIES DEVELOPMENT COMPANY, THE LEADER IN CATALYST PRODUCTION IN IRAN, SUCCESSFULLY DEVELOPED ITS OWN TECHNOLOGY AND PRODUCED THE STEAM REFORMING CATALYST IN INDUSTRIAL SCALE. THIS PAPER GIVES A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF PRODUCTION OF STEAM REFORMING CATALYST BY SARV OIL & GAS INDUSTRIES DEVELOPMENT COMPANY.

DISPERSE/REACTIVE DYESTUFFS IN ONE METHOD DYEING PROCESSES. IN THE ORDER TO IMPROVE THE ADHESION OF CHITIN TO THE SURFACE OF POLYESTER/COTTON FIBERS, PRE-TREATMENT IN NAOH SOLUTIONS WAS PERFORMED. THE COLOUR AND RUBBING FASTNESS PROPERTIES OF THE CHITIN-DEPOSITED POLYESTER/COTTON FABRICS WERE ASSESSED. THE COLOUR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE DYED BLANK SAMPLES AND SAMPLES DYED IN AFTER NAOH AND/OR DIFFERENT VISCOSITY CHITIN TREATMENT WAS ESTIMATED USING SPECTROPHOTOMETER EVALUATION. THE DATA OBTAINED SHOWS THAT IT IS POSSIBLE TO DYE POLYESTER/COTTON FABRICS FINISHED BY CHITIN WITH ONLY ONE DISPERSES/REACTIVE DYESTUFF, WHICH NORMALLY SHOWS SUBSTANTIVELY TO CELLULOSE FIBERS. THE DYED SAMPLES SHOWED GOOD RUBBING AND WASHING COLOUR FASTNESS PROPERTIES WITHIN THE RANGE OF COLOUR CHANGE. THE COLOUR STRENGTH OF THE DYED SAMPLES INCREASED WITH THE INCREASED DEPOSITION OF CHITIN ON THE FABRIC.

DI-AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE (DAP) IS ONE OF THE BEST CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS USED INDIVIDUALLY OR IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER FERTILIZERS OR SOIL NUTRIENTS. IT IS USUALLY PRODUCED THROUGH REACTION OF WET PHOSPHORIC ACID WITH AMMONIA IN A PIPE OR TANK REACTOR FOLLOWED BY THE GRANULATION PROCESS. PRODUCED SLURRY IN THE REACTOR IS SPRAYED ONTO THE SEED GRANULES, AND GRANULE GROWTH OCCURS. GRANULES LEAVING THE GRANULATOR ARE FIRST DRIED AND THEN SCREENED TO SEPARATE OUT THE PRODUCT SIZE. IN THIS WORK, THE INFLUENCE OF PHOSPHORIC ACID IMPURITIES ON THE GRANULOMETERY AND PRODUCTION RATE OF PRODUCED DAP IN RAZI PETROCHEMICAL COMPLEX IS EXPERIMENTALLY INVESTIGATED. IT IS FOUND THAT THE GENERATION OF A LARGE NUMBER OF FINE PARTICLES DUE TO DEFICIENCY OF AL2O3 AND FE2O3 IN THE REACTOR MAY SPEED UP THE ADHESION AND COALESCENCE OF THE DAP GRANULES IN THE GRANULATOR, AND THUS LARGE AMOUNTS OF WEAK BIG LUMPS OF THE PRODUCT ARE OBTAINED. WHEN THESE LUMPS PASS THROUGH THE CRUSHERS, A LARGE AMOUNT OF DUST AND FINE PARTICLES IN THE RECYCLE STREAM IS PRODUCED, WHICH LEADS TO SERIOUS OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS AND REDUCES THE PRODUCTION RATE? ACCORDING TO THE EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENTS IN DAP2 PLANT (BASED ON PIPE REACTOR) OF RAZI PETROCHEMICAL COMPLEX, A CORRELATION IS FOUND BETWEEN THE TOTAL CONCENTRATIONS OF AL2O3 + FE2O3 IN THE PHOSPHORIC ACID ENTERING THE PIPE REACTOR AND DAP GRANULOMETERY. IN ORDER TO ENHANCE THE GRANULATION QUALITY WITHOUT OPERATIONAL DIFFICULTY, THE TOTAL CONCENTRATION OF ALUMINUM AND FERRIC OXIDES IN THE PHOSPHORIC ACID ENTERING THE REACTOR SHOULD BE CONTROLLED AT 2.2±0.1 WT%. THIS IS AN INTERESTING RESULT WHICH CAN BE USED FOR IMPROVEMENT OF THE OPERATIONAL CONDITION OF DAP PRODUCTION PLANTS. APPLYING THIS TO THE DAP2 PLANT OF RAZI PETROCHEMICAL COMPLEX IN IRAN RESULTED IN AN 80% DECREASE IN C.V. OF THE PRODUCED DAP GRANULES AND 65% INCREASE IN PRODUCTION RATE.

THE ADDITION TO UREA-FORMALDEHYDE (UF) RESINS AND TO PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE (PF) RESINS OF MICRONIZED POLYURETHANE NANO POWDERS OBTAINED FROM WASTE FLEXIBLE POLYURETHANES IMPROVE MARKEDLY THE PERFORMANCE OF THE PANELS PREPARED WITH THESE RESINS, NAMELY PLYWOOD AND PARTICLEBOARD. INFRARED SPECTROPHOTOMETRY (FT-IR) INDICATES THAT A REACTION DOES APPEAR TO OCCUR TO SOME LIMITED EXTENT BETWEEN MICRONIZED PUR WASTE POWDER AND PF RESIN WHEN THE MIX IS CURED UNDER ALKALINE CONDITIONS. THERE APPEAR TO BE NO REACTION AT ALL INSTEAD BETWEEN ACID-SETTING UF RESINS AND PUR POWDER. IN BOTH CASES A ACTIVE FILLER OR EXTENDER EFFECT APPEARS TO OCCUR, OTHERWISE THE IMPROVEMENT IN DRY STRENGTH OF UF–BONDED JOINTS CANNOT BE EXPLAINED. EVEN WHEN REACTION DOES EVIDENTLY NOT OCCUR THE ADDITION OF PUR POWDER IMPROVES MARKEDLY THE WATER RESISTANCE OF UF AND PF RESINS. THIS ACTIVE EXTENDER/FILLER EFFECT IS NOT DUE TO ANY ISOCYANATE GROUP BEING RE-GENERATED ON HEATING AS BOTH FT-IR AND NMR CONFIRM THE ABSENCE OF THESE GROUPS.

PRESENTLY, SHORTAGE OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIRS AND POLLUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT HAS FORCED COUNTRIES TO SEARCH FOR OTHER FUEL RESOURCES. BUTANOL AND ETHANOL (BE) ARE OF GREAT IMPORTANCE AS FUELS THAT ARE MAINLY PRODUCED BY PETROCHEMICAL PROCESSES. AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR, BACTERIAL PRODUCTION OF THESE CHEMICALS HAS ATTRACTED A GREAT DEAL OF ATTENTION BY MEANS OF CLOSTRIDIA SPECIES. THIS ARTICLE PROVIDES SOME NECESSARY INFORMATION ON RAW MATERIALS, MEDIUM CHARACTERISTICS AND PROCESSES USED FOR ENHANCED BE PRODUCTION.

THE KINETIC BEHAVIOR OF A MODIFIED CLINOPTILOLITE ZEOLITE FOR THE METHANOL TO DIMETHYL ETHER DEHYDRATION REACTION HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED USING A DIFFERENTIAL FIXED BED REACTOR. IT WAS OBSERVED THAT AT HIGH PARTIAL PRESSURES, MEOH PLAYS AN INHIBITION ROLE. A NOVEL LANGMUIR-HINSHELWOOD TYPE REACTION MECHANISM HAS BEEN DEVELOPED THAT PREDICTS THE LATTER EFFECT. THE MODIFIED CLINOPTILOLITE ZEOLITE SUBJECT OF THIS STUDY MIGHT BE OF HIGH INDUSTRIAL INTEREST BECAUSE OF THE RELATIVE LOWER ACTIVATION ENERGY (CA. 60 KJ MOL-1) COMPARED TO OTHER REPORTED ZEOLITIC AND NONZEOLITIC CATALYSTS.

CARBOXYLATED POLYSTYRENE LATEXES WERE PREPARED BY EMULSIFIER- FREE EMULSION COPOLYMERIZATION OF STYRENE WITH VARIOUS CARBOXYLIC ACID MONOMERS (AA, MAA AND IA). DLS ANALYSIS AND SEM OBSERVATIONS WERE USED TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS CARBOXYLIC ACID MONOMERS ON THE PARTICLE FORMATION AND GROWTH PROCESSES. IT WAS FOUND THAT NUMBER OF PARTICLES PER UNIT VOLUME OF AQUEOUS PHASE (NP) INCREASES WITH INCREASING HYDROPHOBICITY OF CARBOXYLIC ACID MONOMERS IN ORDER OF IA<AA<MAA. THERE WAS SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN POLYMERIZATION RATE PER PARTICLE (RP/NP) IN ALL THE EXPERIMENTS ALSO. THE RESULTS REVEALED THAT BOTH PARTICLE NUCLEATION AND GROWTH PROCESSES ARE DEPENDENT ON THE HYDROPHILIC NATURE OF CARBOXYLIC ACID MONOMERS. SEM STUDIES SHOWED THAT NP IS ALMOST CONSTANT IN THE PARTICLE GROWTH STAGE (CONVERSION ABOVE 10%). THROUGH SOME CALCULATIONS BY DATA OBTAINED FROM DLS TECHNIQUE, AVERAGE DIAMETER OF MONOMER SWOLLEN POLYMER PARTICLES (DPSWOL) OF ALL THE CARBOXYLATED POLYSTYRENE LATEXES AT THE SAME CONVERSION OF 0.4 WAS OBTAINED TO BE 325.24, 199.30 AND 661.02 NM FOR AA, MAA AND IA RESPECTIVELY. ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO CALCULATE THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF PROPAGATING RADICALS PER PARTICLE AND TO DETERMINE ITS RELEVANCE TO THE KINETICS OF PARTICLE GROWTH BY VARIOUS CARBOXYLIC ACID MONOMERS.

A NOVEL FACILITATED TRANSPORT MEMBRANE CONSISTING OF 2,3-DIAMINOPROPIONIC ACID (DAPA) AS A SELECTIVE CARRIER OF CO2 AND PVA/PAA GEL AS SUPPORT WAS DEVELOPED FOR THE REMOVAL OF CO2 FROM THE WATER GAS SHIFT REACTOR IN THE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION PLANTS. THE MEMBRANE PERFORMANCE WAS TESTED BY THE EXPERIMENTS ON THE SELECTIVE SEPARATION OF CO2 AT THE TEMPERATURE FROM 125°C TO 160°C AND THE FEED GAS PRESSURE FROM 100 KPA TO 700 KPA. HIGH CO2 PERMEANCE AND CO2/H2 SELECTIVITY WERE OBTAINED AT HIGHER TEMPERATURES. OBTAINED RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE WATER CONTENT IN THE MEMBRANE IS ONE OF THE KEY FACTORS, WHICH DETERMINES THE CO2 PERMEANCE AND CO2/H2 SELECTIVITY. IT WAS ALSO FOUND THAT INCREASING THE CARRIER CONCENTRATION COULD SIGNIFICANTLY ENHANCE THE MEMBRANE PERFORMANCE, ESPECIALLY AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES.

THE KINETICS AND THERMODYNAMICS OF LEAD IONS SORPTION FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION ON CARBON NANOTUBES (CNTS) HAVE BEEN INVESTIGATED. FOR THIS PURPOSE, HIGH-GRADE LEAD NITRATE WAS USED AS HEAVY METAL SAMPLE. THE CARBON NANOTUBES (CNTS) WERE USED AS ADSORBENTS. IN THIS WORK, ADSORPTION RATE WAS STUDIED EXPERIMENTALLY AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES (283,298 AND 303K), CONTACT TIME, INITIAL PH AND INITIAL LEAD CONCENTRATION. IT WAS OBSERVED THAT THE LEAD ADSORPTION RATES INCREASE DRAMATICALLY IN THE INITIAL TIMES OF EXPERIMENT AND REACH EQUILIBRIUM AFTER 6 HR. THE OPTIMUM PH WAS SIX. THE EXPERIMENTAL DATA WAS ANALYZED BY LANGMUIR, FREUNDLICH, TEMKIN AND REDLICH–PETERSON ISOTHERMS USING LINEAR COEFFICIENT OF DETERMINATION. A BATCH SORPTION MODEL, BASED ON THE ASSUMPTION OF THE PSEUDO-SECOND-ORDER MECHANISM, WAS APPLIED TO PREDICT THE RATE CONSTANT OF SORPTION, THE EQUILIBRIUM SORPTION CAPACITY AND THE INITIAL SORPTION RATE WITH THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE. VARIOUS THERMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS, ΔH°, ΔS° AND ΔG°, WERE COMPUTED FROM EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT VALUES. THE RESULTS SHOW THAT THE SORPTION OF THE LEAD IONS ON CNTS IS A SPONTANEOUS AND ENDOTHERMIC NATURE PROCESS.

THIS PAPER SETS PRIORITIES REGARDING IRAN’S PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES’ COMPETITIVENESS EMPHASISING PORTER‘S THEORY. IT PROVIDES AN INSIGHT INTO THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF GROWTH IN DIFFERENT FIELDS OF THE COUNTRY’S FRAMEWORK. THE CHANGING CONSTRAINTS ON IRANIAN PRODUCTIVITY AND PROSPERITY OVER A TIME ARE ASSESSED IN ORDER TO PROVIDE MORE INFORMED POLICY DEBATE ON HOW TO MANAGE THE TRANSITION TO DIFFERENT STAGES OF COMPETITIVENESS. IRAN’S MOST SIGNIFICANT WEAKNESSES ACCORDING TO THE GCR ARE IN PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE, HUMAN CAPITAL (HC), ALSO IN NOT HAVING ACCESS TO EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGY. INDEED, THE MAIN DRIVER OF GROWTH RELATED TO SOME CROSS-COUNTRY RESEARCH IS CAPITAL FORMATION, WHEREAS OTHERS ARGUE THAT IT IS TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY (TFP). FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI) IS EXPECTED TO FACILITATE HC UPGRADING AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO IMPROVE PRODUCTIVITY, PARTLY RESULTING INTO HUMAN HAPPINESS AND WELFARE.THE CENTRAL MOTIVATION FOR THIS STUDY IS THE ECONOMIC GROWTH DRIVERS IN CONTEMPORARY IRAN. THE REASON BEHIND FOCUSING ON PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY IS THAT THE ALLOCATION OF OIL RESOURCES TO PROMOTE GROWTH HAS TRADITIONALLY BEEN THE CORNERSTONE OF DEVELOPMENT PLANS IN IRAN. IN ADDITION, POLITICAL STRUCTURE SHAPES ECONOMIC POLICIES AND IN TURN ECONOMIC OUTCOMES AFFECT THE CAPABILITY OF POLITICAL ECONOMY ACTORS. THE TYPES OF RESOURCES GAIN ATTENTION ONLY AT THE TIME THAT THEY PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE IN POLITICAL STUDIES (PESARAN 2007). IRANIAN PETROCHEMICAL ABILITY TO REACH ITS OBJECTIVES DEPENDS ON THE COUNTRY’S CAPABILITIES FOR IMPROVING ITS TFP BY UPGRADING HC, WHICH COULD BE A CONSEQUENCE OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER (NARULA AND MARIN 2003), NOT FORGETTING THE EFFECTS OF FDI ON THE LEVEL OF HC, DOMESTIC INVESTMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, MACROECONOMIC STABILITY, INSTITUTIONS, AND TRADE POLICIES (LIPSEY 2002), WITH REPERCUSSIONS ON PRIVATE BUSINESSES, TRADE ASSOCIATIONS, PROFESSIONAL ORGANISATIONS, UNIVERSITIES, RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS, AND THE MANY CONCERNS THAT HAVE VARIOUS IMPACTS ON THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT.

METHANOL IS A PRIMARY LIQUID PETROCHEMICAL THAT IS PRODUCED FROM SYNTHESIS GAS THAT CONSISTS OF H2, CO2, CO AND SOME INERT COMPONENTS LIKE METHANE AND NITROGEN IN LARGE SCALE THROUGHOUT THE WORLD. THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE PRODUCTION RATE IN INDUSTRIAL METHANOL REACTORS ARE PARAMETERS SUCH AS THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM LIMITATIONS, CATALYST DEACTIVATION AND VARIATION IN STOICHIOMETRIC NUMBER. FOR REACTIONS, WHICH ARE THERMODYNAMICALLY LIMITED, SELECTIVE PRODUCT REMOVAL OR REACTANT ADDITION MAY BE USED TO INCREASE CONVERSION. ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT ADVANTAGES OF MEMBRANE REACTORS IS THE POSSIBILITY OF OVERCOMING THE LIMITATION IMPOSED BY THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM. IN THE PRESENCE OF A PERM-SELECTIVE MEMBRANE SUCH AS PD AND PD– AG (23 WT.%AG) MEMBRANES, HYDROGEN CAN PENETRATE FROM THE FEED SYNTHESIS GAS SIDE INTO THE REACTION SIDE DUE TO THE HYDROGEN PARTIAL PRESSURE DRIVING FORCE. HYDROGEN PERMEATION THROUGH THE MEMBRANE SHIFTS THE REACTION TOWARDS THE PRODUCT SIDE ACCORDING TO THE THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM AND ENHANCES METHANOL PRODUCTION. THIS STUDY CONSIDERING PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS AND SHOWS THAT CO CONVERSION CAN BE PROMOTED BEYOND THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM BY ADDING THE HYDROGEN REACTANT TO REACTION SIDE. ALSO THE RESULTS SHOW THAT DECREASING THE FLOW RATE OF THE FEED IS THE MOST IMPORTANT VARIABLE IN INCREASING METHANOL PRODUCTION. ALSO MOLE FRACTION OF METHANOL IS ENHANCED BY INCREASING THE SHELL SIDE PRESSURE, DECREASING MEMBRANE THICKNESS, INCREASING SHELL SIDE FLOW RATE. IN MEMBRANE DUAL-TYPE REACTOR, RESULTS SHOW A FAVORABLE TEMPERATURE PROFILE OF THE CATALYST ALONG THE MEMBRANE DUAL-TYPE REACTOR SYSTEM LEADS TO HIGHER ACTIVITY ALONG THE REACTOR AND CAUSES LONGER CATALYST LIFE TIME. ALSO A FAVORABLE TEMPERATURE PROFILE OF THE CATALYST ALONG THE REACTORS WITH A HIGH LEVEL OF CATALYST ACTIVITY IN THE GAS-COOLED REACTOR OF THE MEMBRANE DUAL-TYPE SYSTEM RESULTS IN A HIGHER PRODUCTION RATE IN THIS SYSTEM.

CARBOXYLATED STYRENE- BUTADIENE RUBBER (XSBR) LATEXES WERE PREPARED BY EMULSIFIER- FREE EMULSION COPOLYMERIZATION OF STYRENE AND BUTADIENE WITH VARIOUS CARBOXYLIC ACID MONOMERS. THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS CARBOXYLIC ACID MONOMERS ON THE PARTICLE FORMATION PROCESS WAS INVESTIGATED. IT WAS OBSERVED THAT THE TYPE OF CARBOXYLIC ACID MONOMER STRONGLY AFFECTED THE PARTICLE NUCLEATION. NUMBER OF PARTICLES AND THUS POLYMERIZATION RATE INCREASED WITH INCREASING HYDROPHOBICITY OF CARBOXYLIC ACID MONOMERS. THERE WAS SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN THE POLYMERIZATION RATE PER PARTICLE. RESULTS SHOWED THAT PARTICLE NUCLEATION AND GROWTH ARE DEPENDENT ON THE HYDROPHILIC NATURE OF CARBOXYLIC ACID MONOMERS. AVERAGE PARTICLE DIAMETER OF XSBR LATEXES IN THE DRY STATE WAS OBTAINED THROUGH SOME CALCULATIONS FROM THE DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF AVERAGE PARTICLE DIAMETER IN THE MONOMER- SWOLLEN STATE BY DYNAMIC LIGHT SCATTERING TECHNIQUE. SEVERAL PARAMETERS SUCH AS POLYMERIZATION RATE, NUMBER OF LATEX PARTICLES PER UNIT VOLUME OF THE AQUEOUS PHASE AND POLYMERIZATION RATE PER PARTICLE WERE CALCULATED.

FLARING IS A SIMPLE WAY FOR THE DISPOSAL OF GASES IN OIL, GAS AND PETROCHEMICAL PLANTS WHERE THERE IS NO INFRASTRUCTURE TO MAKE USE OF THE GAS. GAS FLARING IS WIDELY RECOGNIZED AS A WASTE OF ENERGY. NOT ONLY THAT IT’S AN ADDED LOAD OF CARBON DIOXIDE INTO THE ATMOSPHERE. IN THE CASE OF GAS FLARING, THERE IS INSUFFICIENT BURNING OF CARBON AS A RESULT OF WHICH SOOT AND CARBON-MONOXIDES ARE PRODUCED, CONTRIBUTING TO AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS. GAS FLARING HARMS THE ENVIRONMENT AND WASTES A CLEANER SOURCE OF ENERGY THAT COULD GENERATE ENERGY MUCH NEEDED ELECTRICITY.FLARE GAS RECOVERY (FGR) IS A SIMPLE AND ECONOMICAL METHOD TO REDUCE, RECOVER AND REUSE GASES. THIS PAPER PRESENTS A CONCEPTUAL DESIGN FOR A FLARE GAS RECOVERY SYSTEM (FGRS), CONSISTS OF ONE OR MORE COMPRESSORS WITH SUCTION TAKEN FROM THE MAIN VENT HEADER DOWNSTREAM OF ANY BRANCH HEADER CONNECTIONS. THE COMPRESSED FLARE GAS IS TREATED FOR ITS COMPOSITION AND USED AS A FUEL GAS FOR PLANT HEATING NEEDS; THE RECOVERED GAS MAY BE RECYCLED BACK TO THE PROCESS OR USED TO POWER GENERATION. SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL, DESIGN GUIDELINES AND ECONOMICS OF THE PROCESS HAVE BEEN DISCUSSED IN THIS PAPER. FGRS CAN REDUCE FLARING NOISE, OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE COST, AIR POLLUTION AND EMISSION, FUEL GAS AND STEAM CONSUMPTION WHILE INCREASE PROCESS STABILITY AND FLARE TIP LIFE WITHOUT ANY IMPACT ON EXISTING SAFETY RELIEF SYSTEM.

IN THIS PAPER GENETIC ALGORITHM WAS EMPLOYED AS A POWERFUL METHOD FOR OPTIMIZATION OF AN INDUSTRIAL AMMONIA SYNTHESIS REACTOR. THE REACTOR CONSISTS OF FOUR ADIABATIC CATALYTIC FIXED BEDS EQUIPPED WITH THREE QUENCH FLOWS AND AN INTERNAL HEAT EXCHANGER ON ITS TOP. THE OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS WERE DEFINED BASED ON PLANT DATA OBTAINED FROM AN OPERATIONAL AMMONIA REACTOR AT KHORASAN PETROCHEMICAL COMPLEX, BOJNURD-IRAN. AN OPTIMUM RATIO OF H2/N2 WAS OBTAINED FROM NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM IN WHICH MICRO GENETIC ALGORITHM WAS EMPLOYED. HOWEVER, SIMPLE GENETIC ALGORITHM WAS USED TO FIND THE QUENCH FLOW RATES CONFIGURATION. THE RESULTS FOR MATHEMATICAL MODEL SHOW THAT THE ESTIMATED OPTIMUM CONDITION CAN IMPROVE THE OVERALL PRODUCT YIELD BY 4.5%.

MIXTURES OF AZINES CAN BE SYNTHESIZED BY REACTION OF KETONE WITH HYDROGEN PEROXIDE DEPENDING ON THE KETONE TO HYDROGEN PEROXIDE RATIO. IN THIS RESEARCH WORK, ACETONE AZINE WAS SYNTHESIZED BY OXIDATION OF AQUEOUS AMMONIA WITH HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (AS AN OXIDIZING AGENT) IN THE PRESENCE OF ACETONITRILE (AS AN OXYGEN TRANSFER AGENT) AND ACETONE IN DEMINERAL WATER – ALCOHOL MEDIUM. THIS COMPOUND WAS CHARACTERIZED BY 1H, 13C NMR AND IR SPECTROSCOPY AND ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS. THE YIELD OF ACETONE AZINE IS DEPENDENT UPON THE FOLLOWING FACTORS: (A) RATIO OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE REACTED (B) PRESENCE OF WATER ALCOHOL IN THE MEDIUM OF REACTION, (C) PRESENCE OF DISODIUM SALT OF ETHYLENE DIAMINE TETRA ACETIC ACID (TRILON B) AS A STABILIZER IN ORDER TO LOWERING OF THE SPEED OF DECOMPOSITION H2O2. SO, THE MASS PERCENT OF ACETONE AZINE WAS INVESTIGATED BY IODINE METHOD AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY AND ITS AMOUNT WAS 70% BASED ON HYDROGEN PEROXIDE USED. BESIDES, IODINE METHOD WAS SUCCESSFULLY APPLIED TO THE SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF ACETONE AZINE AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE IN THE MEDIUM OF REACTION. BECAUSE OF THE WIDE USES OF AZINES IN AGRICULTURE, PHARMACEUTICALS, BLOWING AGENTS IN INDUSTRY AND ALSO AS INTERMEDIATES FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF HYDRAZINE AND OTHER FIELDS, THIS RESEARCH WORK WAS SELECTED.

NANO METRIC ZNO CLUSTERS CONFINED IN HZSM-5 WERE PREPARED WITH DIFFERENT ZNO LOADINGS AND CHARACTERIZED BY X-RAY DIFFRACTION (XRD) AND TEM. THE PHOTO CATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF 4-NITROPHENOL IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION WAS CARRIED OUT BY USING SUPPORTED ZNO ON HZSM-5 UNDER UV LIGHT .THE INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PARAMETER SUCH AS ZNO LOADING AMOUNTS IN CATALYST AND PH ON DEGRADATION WAS OPTIMIZED. THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS DEMONSTRATED THAT THE PRESENCE OF ZEOLITE IN ZNO/HZSM-5 CATALYSTS COULD ENHANCE ADSORPTION AS WELL AS DEGRADATION OF 4-NITROPHENOL. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT ENCAPSULATING THE SEMICONDUCTOR CLUSTER IN THE POROUS SUPPORT IS A POSSIBLE WAY TO INHIBIT OR TO RETARD THE ELECTRON-HOLE RECOMBINATION. THE HIGHER ACTIVITY OF ZNO /HZSM-5 IS MAINLY DUE TO FINE DISPERSION OF ZNO AND HYDROPHOBICITY OF SUPPORT.