CONFERENCE ON EMERGING TRENDS IN ENERGY CONSERVATION | Year:2016 | دوره:5 |Papers Count:11

CONGESTION MANAGEMENT IS ONE OF THE BASIC TASKS PERFORMED BY SYSTEM OPERATORS TO ENSURE THE OPERATION OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEM WITHIN OPERATING LIMITS. IN THIS RESEARCH, STRENGTH PARETO GRAVITATIONAL SEARCH ALGORITHM (SPGSA) IS USED TO OPTIMUM MANAGEMENT OF A DISTRIBUTED NETWORK CONGESTION FOR RAISE EFFICIENCY, INCREASE SAFETY MARGINS AND REDUCE COST OF DISTRIBUTION NETWORK UNIT PRODUCTION REGARDING TO PRACTICAL CONSTRAINTS SUCH AS MAXIMUM NETWORK VOLTAGE, MAXIMUM TRANSMISSION LINE CURRENT, POWER BALANCE AND LOAD LEVEL. ACTUALLY NOWADAYS, VIOLATIONS OF DISTRIBUTION NETWORK CONSTRAINTS AS; LIMIT OF POWER TRANSMISSION LINES, BUS VOLTAGES AND OTHER PRACTICAL CONSTRAINTS, ARE ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT ISSUES IN ELECTRICAL ENERGY IN RECONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS CONTRACT. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PROPOSED TECHNIQUE WHICH IS BASED ON COLLECTIVE INTELLIGENCE IS APPLIED ON 30 AND 118 BUS IEEE STANDARD POWER SYSTEM IN COMPARISON WITH CPSO, PSO-TVAC AND PSO-TVIW. THE NUMERICAL RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT THE PROPOSED TECHNIQUE IS BETTER AND SUPERIOR THAN OTHER COMPARED METHODS.

AN EMISSION TRADING SYSTEM IS A MARKET-BASED APPROACH AND POWERFUL POLICY INSTRUMENT THAT USED TO CONTROL POLLUTION BY PROVIDING ECONOMIC INCENTIVES FOR ACHIEVING REDUCTIONS IN THE EMISSIONS OF POLLUTANTS. THE PRESENCE OF A TRADING SYSTEM ENCOURAGES OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE AND PROVIDES AN INCENTIVE AND PATH FOR THE DEPLOYMENT OF NEW AND EXISTING TECHNOLOGIES. THE IDEA BEHIND EMISSIONS TRADING IS TO MEET ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS THE LOWEST POSSIBLE COST WHEN COMPARED TO OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES SUCH AS COMMAND-AND-CONTROL OR EMISSIONS TAXES. SIMPLE IN CONCEPT, EMISSIONS TRADING CAN BECOME COMPLEX IN PRACTICE WHEN CONSIDERING ALL ELEMENTS THAT MUST BE IN PLACE. THE MOST WIDELY USED TRADING MECHANISM IS CAP-AND-TRADE WHERE THE OVERALL EMISSIONS LEVEL IS CAPPED, AND PERMITS CAN BE TRADED BETWEEN EMISSIONS SOURCES. OTHER FORM OF TRADING, THOUGH NOT USED AS OFTEN AS CAP-AND-TRADE, INCLUDE OFFSET OR PROJECT TRADING. EARLY EXPERIENCE WITH EMISSIONS TRADING WITH OFFSET OR PROJECT-BASED TRADING, AS WELL AS THE CURRENT EXPERIENCE WITH CAP-AND-TRADE, HAVE RESULTED IN SIGNIFICANT COST SAVINGS TO PARTICIPANTS VERSUS TRADITIONAL COMMAND-AND-CONTROL METHODS, BUT HAVE NOT ACHIEVED ALL THE POSSIBLE COST SAVINGS AVAILABLE.

NANO-MAGNETIC CATALYST CAO/NAY–FE3O4 WAS PREPARED FOR BIODIESEL PROCESS. AT THE FIRST, NAY NANOZEOLITE WAS SYNTHESIZED BY A HYDROTHERMAL METHOD AND THEN, THE AMOUNT OF ZEOLITE WAS ADJUSTED IN ORDER TO OBTAIN THE ZEOLITE/IRON OXIDE WEIGHT RATIO OF 3:1. THE OBTAINED ZEOLITE WAS THEN IMPREGNATED WITH CAO NANOPARTICLES. IT WAS FOUND THAT THE ACTIVITY OF CALCIUM OXIDE CATALYST INCREASED AFTER BEING SUPPORTED ON NANOZEOLITE. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE CATALYST WAS FERROMAGNETIC, AND IT COULD BE RECOVERED BY MAGNETIC SEPARATION. CATALYST CHARACTERIZATION WAS CARRIED OUT BY X-RAY DIFFRACTION AND SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY. THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS PARAMETERS SUCH AS THE CATALYST LOADING, THE MOLAR RATIO OF METHANOL TO OIL AND THE REACTION TIME ON THE ACTIVITY OF CATALYST WERE DETERMINED BY THE TRANSESTERIFICATION OF CANOLA OIL TO BIODIESEL. THE YIELD OF METHYL ESTERS (ME) WAS 95.1 OVER A CATALYST LOADING OF 5 WT.% (30 WT.% OF CAO ON MAGNETIC NAY), 8:1 METHANOL TO OIL MOLAR RATIO, AND A REACTION TIME OF 5 H AT THE REACTION TEMPERATURE OF 65OC.

THIS PAPER PRESENTS A HARMONY SEARCH ALGORITHM (HAS) FOR COMBINED HEAT AND POWER ECONOMIC DISPATCH (CHPED) PROBLEM. THE PROPOSED HSA TECHNIQUE, WHICH IS A POPULATION BASED GLOBAL SEARCH AND OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUE, HAS BEEN DEVELOPED TO SOLVE THE CHPED PROBLEM. THE CHPED PROBLEM IS FORMULATED AS AN OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM WHICH IS SOLVED BY THE HSA TECHNIQUE THAT HAS A STRONG ABILITY TO FIND THE MOST OPTIMISTIC RESULTS. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THESE ALGORITHMS HAS BEEN TESTED ON SYSTEM WITH FOUR POWER UNITS, TWO CO-GENERATION UNITS AND ONE HEAT UNIT COMPARED TO OTHER ALGORITHMS SUCH AS REAL-CODED GENETIC ALGORITHM (RGA), PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION (PSO) AND EVOLUTIONARY PROGRAMMING (EP) TECHNIQUES FOR TOTAL OPERATING COST. THE RESULTS SHOW THE PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION WITH IMPROVED INERTIA WIGHT IS ABLE TO ACHIEVE A BETTER SOLUTION AT LESS COMPUTATIONAL TIME.

TIO2 NANOPARATICLES WERE PREPARED BYSOLEGEL METHOD BY VARYING DIFFERENT MOLE % OF TUNGSTAN AND CHARACTERIZED BY X-RAY DIFFRACTION (XRD), SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (SEM), ENERGY DISPERSIVE SPECTROSCOPY (EDS), TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (TEM). THE ENERGYCONVERSION EFFICIENCY OF A CELL BASED ON 0.5 MOL% W-DOPED TIO2 IS SIGNIFICANTLY BETTER, COMPARED TO THAT OF A CELL BASED ON UNDOPED TIO2. THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE PERFORMANCE OF DSSCS ACHIEVED USING 0.5 MOL% W–TIO2 NANOPARTICLE FIMS IS ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE SLOWER RECOMBINATION TIME AND THE INTRODUCTION ABSORPTION OF LIGHT IN THE VISIBLE RANGE AND ESPECIALLY IN THE RANGE 300-420 NM. THE ABOVE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THE POTENTIAL APPLICATION OF INTRODUCTION OF W NANOPARTICLES TO IMPROVE FOR ENHANCING THE PERFORMANCE OF TIO2 NANOPARTICLE-BASED DSSCS, WHICH CAN BE PRODUCED ON A LARGE SCALE AT LOW COST.

ELECTRICAL POWER IS THE MOST OMNIPRESENT ENERGY USED BECAUSE OF ITS LOW COST, HIGH EFFICIENCY AND RELIABILITY. ELECTRICAL NETWORK IS AN INTERCONNECTED NETWORK FOR SECURITY, RELIABILITY AND ECONOMICAL REASONS IN WHICH CONSISTS OF GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION AND CONSUMPTION. THIS PRESENTATION IS COVER AND DISCUSSED ON THE “INTRODUCTION TO GENERATION EXPANSION PLANNING IN RESTRUCTURED MARKETS” IN DIFFERENT CRITERIA SUCH AS GENERAL CONCEPT; GENERATION EXPANSION PLANNING; RESTRUCTION AND DEREGULATED POWER INDUSTRY; GENERATION EXPANSION PLANNING IN RESTRUCTURED ELECTRICITY MARKETS; AND RESEARCH TRENDS. THIS PRESENTATION CONCLUDED WITH THE CONCLUSION REMARKS AND SELECTED CITED REFERENCES.

THE ELECTION CAMPAIGN OPTIMIZATION (ECO) IS PROPOSED TO SOLVE THE UNIT COMMITMENT (UC) PROBLEM BETWEEN THERMAL GENERATING UNITS WITH WIND IMPACT AN ELECTRICITY MARKET TO MINIMIZE TOTAL COST IN THIS PAPER. THIS ISSUE IS USED IN THIS PAPER TO ACHIEVE A REAL SYSTEM CONSIDERED WITH VARIOUS GENERATOR AND WIND CONSTRAINTS IN POWER SYSTEMS. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PROPOSED TECHNIQUE IS COMPARED WITH PSO, GA AND Λ-ITERATION TO UNDERSTAND THE WIND GENERATOR CAPACITY IN PRODUCTION COST ANALYSIS AND TO PROVIDE VALUABLE INFORMATION FOR BOTH OPERATIONAL AND PLANNING PROBLEMS. THE ACHIEVED RESULTS REPRESENT THE SUPERIORITY OF THE ECO TECHNIQUE.

LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL (LFC) AND AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL (AVR) ARE ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT ISSUES IN ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS. ALTHOUGH PROPORTIONAL-INTEGRAL (PI) CONTROLLERS ARE COMMONLY USED FOR LFC AND AVR SYSTEMS IN INDUSTRY, THEY ARE UNABLE TO OBTAIN GOOD DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR IN PRESENCE OF VARIOUS LOAD CHANGES AND OPERATING CONDITIONS BECAUSE THE PI CONTROLLER PARAMETERS ARE USUALLY TUNED BASED ON A CLASSICAL ERROR APPROACHES. THIS PAPER PRESENT A NEW APPROACH FOR TUNING THE SUITABLE VALUES FOR THE PROPORTIONAL- INTEGRAL – DERIVATIVE (PID) CONTROLLER PARAMETERS OF LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL (LFC) AND AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR (AVR) SYSTEMS USING THE IMPERIALIST COMPETITIVE ALGORITHM (ICA). THIS REQUIRES DESIGNING AN ACCURATE AND FAST CONTROLLER TO PRESERVE THE SYSTEM PARAMETERS AT NOMINAL VALUE. THE BASIC PURPOSE OF SYSTEM GENERATION CONTROL IS TO BALANCE THE SYSTEM GENERATION AGAINST THE LOAD AND LOSSES IN ORDER TO BE PRESERVED THE DESIRE FREQUENCY AND POWER INTERCHANGE BETWEEN NEIGHBORING SYSTEMS. THE PROPOSED METHOD SHOWS THE APPLICATION OF ICA METHOD TO SEARCH OPTIMAL PID CONTROLLER PARAMETERS OF LFC AND AVR SYSTEMS. THE PROPOSED METHOD HAD DIFFERENT CAPABILITY LIKE, EASY IMPLEMENTATION AND GOOD COMPUTATIONAL EFFICIENCY. THE RESULTS WERE COMPARED WITH OTHER EVOLUTIONAL ALGORITHM LIKE SFL AND PSO AND THE ADVANTAGE OF PROPOSED METHOD WAS REVEALED.

DUE TO THE POLLUTION CAUSED BY FOSSIL FUELS IN MAJOR CITIES, ONE OF THE IMPORTANT ACTIVITIES TO REDUCE CONTAMINATION IS THE USE OF NON-FOSSIL FUELS SUCH AS BIOGAS EMISSIONS. THEREFORE RESEARCH IN THE CONTEXT OF THIS TYPE OF ENERGY IN THE COUNTRY IS NECESSARY BECAUSE THE BIOGAS IN ANY WAY DOES NOT POLLUTE THE ENVIRONMENT.IN THIS STUDY, IN ORDER TO COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT RESOURCES TERMS OF THE EXTRACTION OF BIOGAS, REACTORS, MIXERS AND HOT WATER BATH SYSTEMS WAS DESIGNED AND MANUFACTURED. SUBSTRATES WERE CASTED IN TO THE REACTORS AFTER APPLYING THE MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PRETREATMENT, DETERMINING THE PERCENTAGE OF CARBON TO NITROGEN, TOTAL AND VOLTAIL SOLIDS.TO EVALUATE OF SYSTEM, THREE SUBSTRATES INCLUDED: RESIDUES OF CANOLA STRAW, MANURE, AND RUMEN WERE COMPARED IN A COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN WITH THREE REPLICATIONS BY ONE LITER REACTORS. RESULTS SHOWED BY DUNCAN TEST AT LEVEL 5% THAT THE EXPERIMENTAL TREATMENT IN TERMS OF BIOGAS PRODUCTION, THE METHANE ACCUMULATED HAD SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES. TREATMENT WITH COMBINATION OF THESE SOURCES IN TERMS OF BIOGAS AND METHANE ACCUMULATED WAS IN GROUP A WITH504.1 LIT / KG.VS AND 277.9 LIT / KG.VS RESPECTIVELY, ACCORDING TO THE RESULTS, THE BIOGAS PRODUCTION SYSTEM WAS SUITABLE AND THE FRESH COW MANURE + RUMEN IN COMBINATION WITH THE RESIDUES OF OF THE CANOLA HAD THE HIGHEST METHANE PRODUCTION.

INDUSTRIAL GROWTH AND POPULATION RAISING LEAD TO RAPID INCREASE IN WORLDWIDE ENERGY DEMAND. DUE TO THE DEPLETION OF FOSSIL FUELS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO THE GLOBAL WARMING, THE WORLD REQUIRES ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY TO MEET THE GLOBAL DEMANDS OF ENERGY. ONE OF THE MOST POPULAR SOURCE OF ENERGY IS BIOENERGY IN FORM OF BIOETHANOL SINCE IT IS CLEAN, CHEAP, RENEWABLE AND COMPATIBLE TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE. IRAN PRODUCED 5% OF GLOBAL TOTAL CAPACITY OF BIOETHANOL EQUAL TO 5.3 BILLION LITERS (4.2 BILLION TONS) AT 2011. IN RECENT YEARS, BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM MICROALGAE BIOMASS IS GETTING MORE ATTRACTION DUE TO THE SHORTER CYCLE OF ALGAL GROWTH COMPARED TO OTHER PLANTS AND ITS ABUNDANCE IN NATURE. CHLORELLA SP, DUNALIELLA SP, SPIRULINA SP AND CHLOMYDOMONAS SP ARE SOME MICROALGAE STRAINS EXISTING IN IRAN WHICH HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO PRODUCE BIOETHANOL. IN THIS PAPER, THE POTENTIAL SOURCE OF INDIGENOUS MICROALGAE OF IRAN (INCLUDING PERSIAN GULF, URMIA LAKE, MAHARLOO LAKE AND GAVKHOONY ...) IS PRESENTED. IN ORDER TO INTRODUCE SUITABLE SPECIES FOR PRODUCTION OF BIOETHANOL, THE RESULTS ON POTENTIAL AMOUNT OF OBTAINABLE BIOETHANOL FROM EACH MICROALGAE (AS BIOREFINERY PLATFORM) IS ILLUSTRATED.

ONE OF THE VERY IMPORTANT METHODS SINCE THE ADVENT OF THE ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY IS THE BALANCING OF LOADS OF THE DISTRIBUTION POSTS, AND ITS IMPORTANCE AND NECESSITY IS RISING ON A DAILY BASIS. IN DOING SO, TRADITIONAL TECHNIQUES ARE CURRENTLY ADOPTED WHERE THE BALANCING TEAM VISITS THE LOCATION OF THE POSTS AND MEASURES LOADS FROM EXTERNAL FEEDERS OF THE DISTRIBUTION POST AT THE PEAK OF THE LOAD. THEN, IN CASE THERE EXISTS UNBALANCE IN THE POST, THEY LIST IT IN THEIR BALANCING AGENDA. BUT IN THE PRESENTED METHOD, CURRENT MEASUREMENT INFORMATION IS SENT TO THE SPACER AND JUNCTION BOX BY MEANS OF DATA LOGGERS OF DISTRIBUTION FRAMES VIA AN INFORMATION CONTROL CIRCUIT. PHASE SHIFT COMMAND WILL BE SENT TO THE RESPECTIVE ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT AND SSR AFTER PROCESSING AND THE GRID IS AUTOMATICALLY BALANCED IN THE SHORTEST PERIOD OF TIME. THIS MAKES FOR THE BALANCING OF THE PHASES AND THE MINIMIZATION OF THE NULL WIRE CURRENT. IN ADDITION TO GRID LOSS REDUCTION, THERE WILL BE NO TECHNICIAN TEAM COSTS WHO SHOULD CARRY OUT THE LOAD BALANCING.