NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PASSIVE DEFENSE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | Year:2016 | دوره:1 |Papers Count:2

COENZYME Q10 (COQ10), A LIPID-SOLUBLE ENDOGENOUS PRO-VITAMIN FOUND NATURALLY IN THE MITOCHONDRIA, IS PRESENT IN MANY ORGANISMS. IT HAS CRUCIAL ROLES IN MANY BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS AND IMPORTANT HEALTH FUNCTIONS. IT HAS AN ESSENTIAL ROLE AS A VITAL INTERMEDIATE OF THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN MITOCHONDRIA. COQ10, AS AN ELECTRON AND PROTON CARRIER FOR ENERGY COUPLING LEADS TO ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP) FORMATION. COQ10 ALSO ACTS AS A POTENT ANTIOXIDANT AND SCAVENGER OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES AND IS INVOLVED IN MULTIPLE ASPECTS OF CELLULAR METABOLISM. FURTHERMORE, IN MEDICINE, THE PHARMACOLOGICAL USE OF COQ10 HAS RECEIVED INCREASING ATTENTION FOLLOWING THE REPORTS OF ITS BENEFITS IN TREATING CARDIOVASCULAR AND DEGENERATIVE NEUROLOGIC DISEASES. COQ10 IS A HYDROPHOBIC COMPOUND WITH A MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF 863 DA. THE LONG ISOPRENOID SIDE CHAIN IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS WATER INSOLUBILITY. BECAUSE OF ITS HYDROPHOBICITY, ITS BIOAVAILABILITY IS LOW AND APPLICATION OF COQ10 IN AQUEOUS FOODS AND DRUGS IS LIMITED. VARIOUS APPROACHES SUCH AS EMULSION AND NANOEMULSION FORMULATIONS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED TO IMPROVE ITS WATER SOLUBILITY. COQ10 IS FOUND IN PLANTS SUCH AS SOYA BEAN, PEANUT, PALM OIL AND LITCHI PERICARP AND IN ANIMALS SUCH AS PELAGIC FISH, BEEF AND PORK HEARTS. VARIOUS ANALYTICAL METHODS HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED FOR THE EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS OF COQ10 FROM DIFFERENT MATRICES. THE MOST COMMON METHODS FOR EXTRACTING COQ10 FROM DIFFERENT SAMPLES ARE LIQUID-LIQUID OR ULTRASOUND EXTRACTION. COQ10 ALSO CAN BE PRODUCED BY CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS AND MICROBIAL FERMENTATION. MICROBIAL PRODUCTION OFFERS AN ENVIRONMENTALLY BENIGN OPTION BASED ON THE ENZYMATIC CATALYSIS AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL FOR COQ10 ASSEMBLY. MOREOVER, THIS APPROACH IS ATTRACTIVE TO THE INDUSTRY BECAUSE THE PROCESS IS EASY TO CONTROL AT A RELATIVELY LOW PRODUCTION COST. THIS REVIEW PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF COQ10 IMPORTANCE, HEALTH BENEFITS AND ITS EFFECTIVE SOURCES. IMPROVING OF COQ10 BIOAVAILABILITY ARE ALSO DISCUSSED AND FUTURE GROWTH PROSPECTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ARE ALSO GIVEN FOR AREAS OF FUTURE RESEARCH.

THIS PAPER PRESENTS A NEW FORMULATION FOR STOCHASTIC NETWORK INTERDICTION WITH ENDOGENOUS UNCERTAINTY, IN WHICH OPTIMIZATION DECISIONS CAN INFLUENCE STOCHASTIC PROCESSES BY ALTERING THE CORRESPONDING PROBABILITY SPACE. AS AN APPLICATION, WE CAN CONSIDER A PLANNING PROBLEM IN WHICH A DECISION MAKER (INTERDICTOR), SUBJECT TO LIMITED RESOURCES, INSTALLS SOME DETECTORS AT BORDER CHECKPOINTS IN A TRANSPORTATION NETWORK IN ORDER TO MINIMIZE THE PROBABILITY THAT A SMUGGLER CAN TRAVERSE THE RESIDUAL NETWORK UNDETECTED OR TO MAXIMIZE THE SMUGGLERS TRAVERSING COST. THE DETECTING PROBABILITIES ARE ASSUMED TO BE KNOWN A PRIORI, AND INSTALLING DETECTOR DECREASES THE LIKELIHOOD OF DETECTION.THE RESULTING PROBLEM IS A TWO STAGE STOCHASTIC PROGRAM, IN THAT, AT THE FIRST STAGE THE INTERDICTOR DECIDES WHICH LINKS TO INSTALL DETECTOR FOR INTERDICTING THE SMUGGLER’S MOVES BY DETECTING HIM OR DECREASING HIS TRAVERSING COST. THE INTERDICTOR’S DECISION CAN INFLUENCE THE PROBABILITIES OF TRAVERSING LINKS SUCCESSFULLY. IN THE SECOND STAGE THE SMUGGLER SEEKS TO CHOOSE THE SHORTEST S-T PATH IN THE SURVIVAL NETWORK. THE RESULTING TWO STAGE PROGRAMMING PROBLEM IS NON-LINEAR DUE TO EXISTING OF SCENARIO PROBABILITIES PRODUCTS. WE USE DISTRIBUTION SHAPING APPROACH TO HANDLE DECISION-DEPENDENT PROBABILITIES. IT USES A SEQUENCE OF DISTRIBUTIONS, SUCCESSIVELY CONDITIONED ON THE INFLUENCING DECISION VARIABLES, AND CHARACTERIZES THESE BY LINEAR INEQUALITIES.