CONFERENCE ON PROCESS, OIL, GAS, REFINING AND AND PETROCHEMICAL ENGINEERING | Year:2015 | دوره:4 |Papers Count:16

SEPARATION AND REATTACHMENT OF AIR FLOW THROUGH A SUDDEN EXPANSION IN AN ANNULAR PASSAGE WITH UNIFORM HEAT AFTER STEP ARE CONSIDERED IN THIS PAPER. THE ANNULAR PASSAGE WITH STEP IS APPLIED IN THE DESIGN OF MANY HEAT RELATED APPLICATIONS WHERE HEAT TRANSFER IS CONCERNED. IN THIS WORK, NUMERICAL SIMULATION FOR MANY TURBULENCE MODELS IS PERFORMED USING COMPUTER FLUID DYNAMICS PACKAGE (COMMERCIAL SOFTWARE) TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF STEP FLOW IN AN ANNULAR PASSAGE. THE NUMERICAL RESULTS ARE COMPARED WITH THE PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTAL DATA. THE ANNULAR PASSAGE, THE FLOWING FLUID WAS CONSIDERED WHEN HEATED UNIFORMLY FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE EXPANSION. CONSTANT HEAT FLUX APPROACH WAS ALSO CONSIDERED FOR THE HEAT TRANSFER INVESTIGATION. ANNULAR PIPE FLOW SYSTEM HAVING REYNOLDS NUMBER OF 17.050 AND UNIFORM HEAT FLUX EQUAL TO 2098 W/M2 AND A STEP RATIO OF D/D=1.8 WAS CONSIDERED WHERE D AND DWERE REPRESENTING THE DIAMETER OF THE PIPE BEFORE AND AFTER EXPANSION.NUMERICAL SIMULATION REVIEW SHOWS THAT THE REATTACHMENT POINT EXTENDS FURTHER WITH THE INCREASE OF VELOCITY FOR DIFFERENT OCCASIONS. FINALLY, EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS FOR SURFACE TEMPERATURE (TS) AND LOCAL HEAT TRANSFER (H) ARE COMPARED WITH CFD RESULTS AFTER EXPANSION FOR MANY TURBULENCE MODELS.

THE AIM OF THE CURRENT RESEARCH IS CONCENTRATED ON THE MODIFICATION OF MULTI-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES (MWCNT) USING TIO2 NANOPARTICLES AT RUTILE PHASE. IN ORDER TO ELUCIDATE THE ROLE OF TIO2 CONTENT ON PHOTO CATALYST BEHAVIOR OF MWCNTS, THE HYBRIDS WERE PREPARED WITH DIFFERENT AMOUNTS OF TIO2 NANOPARTICLES. THE OPENING AND FUNCTIONALIZATION OF MWCNTS WERE CARRIED OUT BY OXIDATION WITH NITRIC ACID SOLUTION. THE SAMPLES WERE CHARACTERIZED BY FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED (FT-IR) SPECTROSCOPY, TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (TEM), AND THERMO GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS (TGA). FTIR RESULTS SHOW THAT FUNCTIONAL GROUPS SUCH AS CARBOXYLIC AND HYDROXYL GROUPS HAVE BEEN SUCCESSFULLY ATTACHED TO THE SURFACE OF NANOTUBES AFTER ACID TREATMENT. THE ATTACHING THESE OXYGEN CONTAINING GROUPS LEAD TO EASY DISPERSION OF CNTS IN POLAR SOLUTION. TEM RESULTS OF OXIDIZED MWCNTS ILLUSTRATED OPENING OF MWCNTS AT THE END TIPS. THE MICROGRAPHS TAKEN FROM THE MODIFIED CARBON NANOTUBES PROVE THAT THE SURFACE OF MWCNTS IS DECORATED WITH NANO-SIZED TIO2. THE TEM RESULTS REVEALED THAT THE AVERAGE SIZE OF TIO2 NANOPARTICLES WHICH MODIFIED MWCNTS WERE 20NM. TGA RESULTS CONFERMED THAT THERE WAS NO OBVIOUS WEIGHT LOSS BETWEEN 300 AND 400OC, THEREFORE THERE IS NO AMORPHOUS CARBONS IN THE RAW SAMPLES THE RESULTS OBTAINED FROM THERMAL BEHAVIOR OF MODIFIED CNTS REVEALED THAT THE HYBRID WITH HIGHEST AMOUNT OF TIO2 HAD THE HIGHER TEMPERATURE OF DECOMPOSITION.

CHITOSAN AS NATURAL AND BIODEGRADABLE BIOPOLYMER HAS ATTRACTED CONSIDERABLE ATTENTIONS BECAUSE OF ITS COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS IN MANY DIFFERENT INDUSTRIAL FIELDS AND THE REPORTS MAINLY HAVE FOCUSED ON THE CELL IMMOBILIZATION SUBJECT. HYDRODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF SOLID PARTICLES IN A LIQUID SUSPENSION ARE IMPORTANT IN DESIGN AND CONTROL OF THE REACTOR. THE AIM OF THE PRESENT WORK WAS TO STUDY HYDRODYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF CHITOSAN BEADS IN A LIQUID-SOLID FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR (FBR). WITH CONSIDERING THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE THREE FORCES OF GRAVITY, BUOYANCY AND DRAG ACTING ON MOVEABLE PARTICLES IN LIQUID PHASE, TERMINAL SETTLING VELOCITY (UT, S) AND DRAG COEFFICIENT (CD, S) AS USUAL FLUIDIZATION DATA WERE CALCULATED FOR CHITOSAN GEL BEADS USING APPROPRIATE MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS (I.E. BULK DENSITY OF FLUIDIZED SUSPENSION AFFECTS PARTICLES BUOYANCY). FURTHER EXPERIMENTS WERE PERFORMED TO QUANTITATIVELY DETERMINE THE DEPENDENCY OF SUPERFICIAL LIQUID VELOCITY ON BED EXPANSION (A MEASURE OF FLUIDIZED BED POROSITY). THE MINIMUM FLUIDIZATION VELOCITY (UMF, AS A MEASURE OF FLUIDIZATION ONSET AND THE PARTICLES BEING FLUIDIZED) ALSO WAS MEASURED AND DATA PREDICTION WAS CONFIRMED USING ERGUN EQUATION IN WHICH, REYNOLDS NUMBER FOR START OF THE FLUIDIZATION HAS BEEN DEFINED IN RELATION TO ARCHIMEDES NUMBER, INDICATIVE OF FLUIDIZED BED CHARACTERISTICS.ADDITIONALLY, THE RESULTS OF UT, S WERE DISCUSSED IN TERMS OF OPERATIVE FRICTION FORCE (PARTICLEPARTICLE, PARTICLE-WALL).

THE NEW REGULATIONS TO LOWER SULFUR CONTENT IN FOSSIL FUELS REQUIRE NEW ECONOMIC AND EFFICIENT METHODS FOR DESULFURIZATION OF RECALCITRANT ORGANIC SULFUR. HYDRODESULFURIZATION (HDS) OF SUCH COMPOUNDS IS VERY COSTLY AND REQUIRES HIGH OPERATING TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE. BIODESULFURIZATION (BDS) IS NON-INVASIVE APPROACH THAT CAN SPECIFICALLY REMOVE SULFUR FROM REFRACTORY HYDROCARBONS UNDER MILD CONDITIONS AND IT CAN BE POTENTIALLY USED IN INDUSTRIAL DESULFURIZATION. BIODESULFURIZATION OF DIBENZOTHIOPHENE (DBT) BY GROWING CELLS OF RALSTONIA EUTROPHA IN AQUEOUS REACTION SYSTEM WAS INVESTIGATED IN THE PRESENT STUDY.DBT AND GLUCOSE, RESPECTIVELY USED AS THE SOLE SOURCE OF SULFUR AND CARBON FOR GROWTH OF R.EUTROPHA. THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT INITIAL CONCENTRATIONS OF DBT (15 AND 20 PPM) WITH A CONSTANT LEVEL OF GLUCOSE AT 10 G/L ON THE R. EUTROPHA GROWTH AND ITS DBT DESULFURIZATION CAPABILITY AND PH VARIATION WAS STUDIED. GROWTH BEHAVIOR OF THE BACTERIAL CELLS WAS GENERALLY THE SAME AND NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN GROWTH RATE WERE OBSERVED IN WHICH DIFFERENT INITIAL CONCENTRATIONS OF DBT WERE USED. DURING THE FIRST EIGHT HOURS OF CELL GROWTH, THE PH OF MEDIUM WAS DECREASED. THE DESULFURIZATION ACTIVITY OF THE CELLS WAS MEASURED WITH USE OF GIBB’S REAGENT AND CELLS CULTIVATED IN THE MEDIUM CONTAINING 15 PPM OF DBT SHOWED HIGHER DESULFURIZATION ACTIVITY.

IN THIS WORK, ISOBARIC VAPOR LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM VLE DATA FOR ETHANOL-WATER CONTAINING IONIC LIQUIDS [BMIM] [BF4], [BMIM] [CL], [EMIM] [BF4] AND [EMIM] [CL] WERE PRESENTED AT 100KPA, AND THE EFFECT OF IONIC LIQUIDS ON THE VLE OF ETHANOL-WATER SYSTEM WAS DISCUSSED. ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF THE VOLATILE COMPONENTS WERE OBTAINED BY A THERMODYNAMIC MODEL OF THE LIQUID PHASE. VAPOR LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM (VLE) OF TERNARY MIXTURES IS ESTIMATED BY APPLYING THERMODYNAMIC MODELS. PENG–ROBINSON (PR) EQUATION OF STATE AND UNIQUAC ACTIVITY MODEL ARE APPLIED TO MODEL THE FLUID PHASE EQUILIBRIUM AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES AND P=100 KPA. THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY SHOW THAT PR EOS AND UNIQUAC MODEL ARE GOOD FOR ESTIMATION OF THE VAPOR PHASE AND LIQUID PHASE RESPECTIVELY, DUE TO THE LOW DEVIATION FROM EXPERIMENTAL DATA.

NOWADAYS, RESEARCHERS ARE TRYING TO SYNTHESIS A HUNDREDS OF NEW MATERIAL THAT ACQUIRING THEIR THERMODYNAMICAL PROPERTIES USING EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE IS IMPOSSIBLE. SO BY USING MODELLING SOFTWARES AND ACCESSIBILITY OF THERMODYNAMICAL EQUATIONS, THERMODYNAMIC AND EQUILIBRIUM PROPERTIES CAN BE PREDICTED ACCURATELY.PRSV2 EQUATION OF STATE IS A MODIFIED FORM OF PENG-ROBINSON EOS THAT IS RECENTLY CONSIDERED BY RESEARCHERS FOR PREDICTION OF MULTICOMPONENT MIXTURES THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM BEHAVIOR. IN THIS STUDY IS TRIED TO EMPHASIZE ON ADVANTAGES OF VLE THERMODYNAMIC MODELING USING EOS FOR LIQUID AND VAPOR PHASES RATHER THAN USING EOS FOR VAPOR PHASE AND ACTIVITY COEFFICIENT METHOD FOR LIQUID PHASE. EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS WERE PERFORMED USING EXPERIMENTAL DATA IN TWO CONDITION OF ISOTHERMAL AND ISOBAR. IN TWO CONDITION ADVANTAGES OF USING EOS FOR VAPOR AND EOS FOR LIQUID RATHER THAN USING EOS FOR VAPOR AND ACTIVITY MODEL FOR LIQUID HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED. A FIRST ORDER EQUATION WAS OBTAINED TO SHOW THE DEPENDENCE OF KIJ TO TEMPERATURE THAT HAS SHOWN GOOD RELATION IN THE TEMPERATURE RANGE TR<0.7. KEYWORDS

MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY HAS GRADUALLY BECOME A POPULAR SEPARATION TECHNOLOGY OVER THE PAST FEW DECADES. THERE ARE MANY SIGNIFICANT ADVANTAGES TO USE MEMBRANES FOR INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES. MWCNT POSSIBLE LOCATIONS FOR SMALL MOLECULES ARE ABSORBED. SINCE THE TRANSMISSION PROPERTIES OF CNTS IS ALWAYS THE KEY ISSUE IS TO IMPROVE THE PROPERTIES OF POLYMERIC MEMBRANES TO SEPARATE THE CNTS ARE ABLE TO TRANSFER THE MOLECULES STUDIED. MWCNT/PVDF MEMBRANES WERE FABRICATED USING SOLUTION CASTING METHOD. THE SYNTHESIZED MEMBRANES WERE STRUCTURALLY CHARACTERIZED USING FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY, SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE AND THICKNESS OF MEMBRANE. THE MEMBRANE PERFORMANCE WAS TESTED BY VACUUM MEMBRANE DISTILLATION SETUP. SEM IMAGES SHOWED APPROPRIATE DISTRIBUTION OF MULTI WALL CARBON NANOTUBES WITHIN POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE MATRIX. FTIR ANALYSIS SHOWED A PHYSICALLY LINKING BETWEEN THE NANOPARTICLES AND THE POLYMERIC MATRIX OF THE MEMBRANE. THICKNESS OF MEMBRANES WASABOUT 40,50 MM. THE MD PERFORMANCE OF NEAT PVDF AND MWCNT/PVDF FLAT SHEET MEMBRANES WITH THE APPROXIMATE CONTACT AREA OF 32 CM2 WAS EXAMINED IN A VACUUM MEMBRANE DISTILLATION SETUP. THE PURE WATER FLUX FOR PVDF/MWCNT AND NEAT PVDF MEMBRANES WAS 8.44, 11.25(KG/M2H), RESPECTIVELY. PURE WATER FLUX TEST SHOWED THAT INCREASING THE NANOPARTICLE, PORE WETTING IS REDUCED. SO, THE HYDROPHOBICITY IS INCREASED.

THIS STUDY WAS CARRIED OUT ON THE SORPTION OF PB2+ UNDER AMBIENT CONDITIONS FROM SINGLE COMPONENT AQUEOUS SOLUTION BY POLYTHIOPHENE/CLAY NANOCOMPOSITE (PTC) ON USING BATCH TECHNIQUE. IN THE WORK, THE POLYTHIOPHENE/CLAY NANOCOMPOSITE WERE SYNTHESIZED BY CHEMICAL OXIDATIVE POLYMERIZATION METHOD IN THE PRESENCE OF ANIONIC SURFACTANT SODIUM DODECYLBENZENESULFONATE (DBSNA) AND NON-IONIC SURFACTANT POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE (PVP) AS ADDITIVE AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AND FERRIC CHLORIDE AS OXIDANT. POLYTHIPHENE/CLAY NANOCOMPOSITE WAS CHARACTERIZED BY TECHNIQUE FOURIER TRANSFORM SPECTROSCOPY. THE RESULTS OF FTIR SPECTROSCOPY INDICATE THAT THE SURFACTANTS INTERACT WITH PTC. THE ADSORPTION OF PB2+ IONS PERFORMED IN BATCH SYSTEM AND LANGMUIR AND FREUNDLICH EQUATIONS WERE USED FOR STUDYING SORPTION EQUATIONS AND THE EXPERIMENTAL DATAS FIT TO THIS EQUATIONS.THE SORPTION RESULTS FIT WELL TO THE LANGMUIR AND THE FREUNDLICH MODELS. THE RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT PTC IS SUITABLE AS A SORBENT MATERIAL FOR RECOVERY AND ADSORPTION OF PB2+ IONS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS.

THE LATTICE BOLTZMANN METHOD IS USED TO SIMULATE THE FLOW IN QUASI-TWO-DIMENSIONAL MICROMODELS OF REALISTIC POROUS MEDIA. THE THIRD DIMENSION WAS TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT USING AN EFFECTIVE VISCOUS DRAG FORCE. IN THIS CASE, A 2D MICROMODEL OF BEREA SANDSTONE IS CONSIDERD. THE FLOW FIELD AND PERMEABILITY OF THE MICROMODEL ARE CALCULATED AND EXCELLENT AGREEMENT WITH MICROPARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRY (M - PIV) EXPERIMENTS IS FOUND.

CONCENTRATIONS OF THE H2S AND SO2 IN THE TAIL GAS IN RESPONSE TO HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF OXYGEN IN THE AIR OVEN (FOR THE FOUR OXYGEN CONCENTRATIONS IN THE AIR ENTERING TO THE NEW DESIGN) HAVE MINIMUM AMOUNT OF THEIR OWN. BUT THE SO2 CONCENTRATION IN THE TAIL GAS (AT HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF OXYGEN INPUT INTO THE REACTION FURNACE) IS A MAXIMUM. CONCENTRATION OF THE CS2 IN THE TAIL GAS, IN THE OXYGEN CONCENTRATION EQUAL TO 21% MOLAR IS LOWER WITH THAN OTHER CONCENTRATIONS.CONCENTRATIONS OF THE S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7 AND S8, IN THE CONCENTRATION OF OXYGEN IN THE AIR INLET TO THE REACTION FURNACE ABOVE 70 MOLE%, WERE MINIMAL.

SEPARATION OF A RACEMIC MIXTURE OF BUPIVACAINE BY SIMULATED MOVING BED CHROMATOGRAPHY WAS SIMULATED USING ASPEN CHROMATOGRAPHY BASED ON LITERATURE EXPERIMENTAL DATA. THE SIMULATION RESULTS SHOWED THAT SEPARATION OF BUPIVACAINE ENANTIOMERS IS FEASIBLE BY THIS METHOD AND PRODUCTS WITH A PURITY OF ABOUT 99% COULD BE OBTAINED. IN THIS STUDY, THE DISCRETIZATION METHOD AND MATHEMATICAL SOLUTION IS DIFFERENT FROM THAT OF PREVIOUS LITERATURE AND RESULTS ARE MORE CONSISTENT WITH EXPERIMENTAL DATA. HIGHER ORDER ORTHOGONAL COLLOCATION IN THE SOLUTION SCHEME PROVIDES MORE ACCURATE SIMULATIONRESULTS. WITH THE ACTUAL MATHEMATICAL TOOLS ARE CORPORATE WITHIN ASPEN CHROMATOGRAPHY THERE WOULD BE NO NEED TO EXTERNAL MATHEMATICAL TOOLS LIKE GPROMS TO GET BETTER RESULTS. FOR THIS STUDY, THE TRIANGULAR THEORY WAS USED TO FIND THE OPERATING CONDITIONS. THE OPERATING POINT CONDITIONS SUCH AS STREAMS FLOW RATES AND BEDS SWITCHING TIME WERE OBTAINED. IN ADDITION, THE EFFECT OF FEED CONCENTRATION ON THE TRIANGULAR REGION AND OPERATING CONDITIONS SUCH AS SWITCHING TIME, RECYCLE AND DESORBENT FLOW RATE WERE ALSO INVESTIGATED. THE SIMULATION CONFIRMS THAT THE HIGHER FEED CONCENTRATION LEADS TOSMALLER TRIANGULAR REGION, THE SWITCHING TIME DECREASE AND DESORBENT AND RECYCLE FLOW RATES INCREASE.

HUMAN ARE ALWAYS LOOKING FOR MEANS TO IMPROVE THEIR LIVES. THE HUMAN DESIRE FOR A BETTER LIFE CAUSED HE USED HIS TALENTS AND ABILITIES FOR INVENTION OF MACHINE AND TOOLS, EXPLORE DIFFERENT MATERIAL AND NEW WAYS TO WORK FROM ANCIENT TIMES UNTIL NOW AND WE ARE ALREADY SEEING SOME OF THE PROGRESS. MODERN TECHNOLOGY REDUCED RISK OF EARLIER, HOWEVER IT FACED PEOPLE WITH NEW RISKS. THUS OVERTIME THEY NEEDED A SYSTEM TO OVERSEE THE WORK SAFETY. AT PRESENT WE RUN IT AS A RISK MANAGEMENT IN THE ORGANIZATION UNDER HSE MANAGEMENT AND A SUBSET OF ITS ACTIVITIES IN ORDER TO ELIMINATE OR REDUCE THE RISKS. NOWADAYS SEVERAL TECHNIQUES ARE USED TO ANALYZE SAFETY SYSTEMS. TODAY, DUE TO THE FACT THAT OUR COUNTRY IS BASED ON OIL INDUSTRY AND ITS IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE ECONOMY, SO PAY ATTENTION TO HSE ISSUES IN THE OIL, GAS AND PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES IS VERY IMPORTANT. IN THIS INDUSTRIES RISK IS HIGH AND ALL UNITS IN ALL ORGANIZATIONS SHOULD IDENTIFY ALL RISKS AND ARE LOOKING TO REDUCE AND IF POSSIBLE ELIMINATE THEM. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATES THE FAILURE OCCURRENCE PROBABILITY OF A FURNACE IN CATALYTIC REFORMING UNIT IN ONE OF THE IRAN’S REFINERY BY USING FAULT TREE ANALYSIS (FTA) METHOD FOR 500 H OPERATING INTERVAL.

PHENYL SULFONIC ACID FUNCTIONALIZED MESOPOROUS SBA-15 SILICA (SBA-15-PH-SO3H) WAS PREPARED THROUGH THE SILANIZATION OF ACTIVATED MESOPOROUS SBA-15 WITH DIPHENYLDICHLOROSILANE (DPCS) FOLLOWED WITH SILYLATION AND SULFONATION. THE SULFONIC GROUPS ANCHORED TO THE SILICA SURFACE OF THE PORE WALLS ARE RESISTANT TO LEACHING IN ORGANIC AND AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS UNDER MILD CONDITIONS. THIS CATALYST IS FOUND TO BE A RECYCLABLE HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST FOR THE RAPID AND EFFICIENT SYNTHESIS OF VARIOUS 2H-INDAZOLO [2, 1-B] PHTHALAZINE-TRIONES.

BENZENE IS USED MAINLY AS AN INTERMEDIATE TO MAKE OTHER CHEMICALS. IN THIS STUDY, BENZENE EXTRACTION FROM BINARY MIXTURE OF BENZENE AND ACETONITRILE WITH N-HEXANE AS SOLVENT WERE SIMULATED AT T = 298.15K UNDER ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, RESPECTIVELY. THE NRTL MODELEWAS USED AND SUITABILITY OF HEXANE AS A SOLVENT WERE EVALUATED AND SELECTIVITY AND DISTRIBUTION COEFFICIENT WERE CALCULATED. THE HIGH VALUE OF SELECTIVITY FACTORS, IS REASON FOR BE SUITABLE OF THE SOLVENT FOR EXTRACTION OF BENZENE.

IN THIS PAPER, WE REPORT FOR THE FIRST TIME THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY BEHAVIOR OF NANOFLUIDS CONTAINING MWCNTS WHICH DECORATED WITH DIFFERENT AMOUNT OF TIO2 NANOPARTICLES. FOR THIS PURPOSE WE SYNTHESIS THE TIO2 NANOPARTICLES AND DECORATED MWCNTS WITH DIFFERENT AMOUNT OF TIO2 NANOPARTICLES USING HYDROLYSIS METHOD. THE SAMPLES ARE CHARACTERIZED BY TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (TEM). TEM IMAGE CONFIRMED THAT THE ENDS OF MWCNTS SUCCESSFULLY OPENED. MEAINWHILE ACID TREATMENT LEADS TO THE CUTTING OF MWCNTS TO THE SHORT LENGTH AND THE OUTER SURFACE OF MWCNTS SUCCESSFULLY DECORATED WITHTIO2 NANOPARTICLES.MEASUREMENTS OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY BEHAVIOR OF NANOFLUIDS WERE CARRIED OUT IN THE RANGE OF TEMPERATURE VARYING FROM 25 TO 70OC. THE MASS FRACTION OF THE TIO2 NANOPARTICLES, MWCNTS AND DECORATED MULTI WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES WITH TIO2 NANOPARTICLES IN WATER IS 0.25, 0.5, 1 AND 1.5 %WT. THE RESULTS OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY BEHAVIOR OF NANOFLUIDS REVEALED THAT THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AND ENHANCEMENT RATIO OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF MWCNTS- TIO2 AT DIFFERENT AMOUNT OF TIO2 NANOPARTICLES ARE HIGHER THAN THOSE OF TIO2 AND MWCNTS NANOFLUIDS. TEMPERATURE AND WEIGHT FRACTION DEPENDENCE STUDY ALSO SHOW THAT THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF ALL NANOFLUIDS INCREASES WITH TEMPERATURE AND WEIGHT FRACTION. HOWEVER THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE IS MORE SIGNIFICANT THAN THAT OF WEIGHT FRACTION.

THERE IS AND ALWAYS HAS BEEN A NEED FOR A SINGLE TEXT WHICH EXPLAINS SIMPLE EQUATIONS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN THE NATURAL GAS FLOW. IN THIS WORK, THREE TYPES OF PIPELINE ARRANGEMENTS INCLUDING SERIES, PARALLEL AND LOOPED PIPELINES WERE REVIEWED AND RELATED EQUATIONS WERE PRESENTED. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPARISON OF EACH METHOD WERE STUDIED THROUGH AN EXAMPLE AND THE RESULTS WERE INTERPRETED. THE EFFECTS OF LOOPED LINE ON THE INCREASE OF GAS FLOW RATE FOR VARIOUS PIPE DIAMETER RATIOS WERE ALSO INVESTIGATED. IT WAS OBSERVED THAT THE BENEFIT OF LOOPING INCREASES EXPONENTIALLY WITH THE FRACTION OF LOOPING. A 10-INCH PIPELINE THAT IS 20 MILES LONG IS EXEMPLIFIED IN THE TEXT, AND IT WAS FOUND OUT THAT THE GAS CAPACITY EXPANSION FOR THIS PARTICULAR PIPELINE WOULD BE 20.36% FOR SERIES, 294.83% FOR PARALLEL AND 21.95% FOR A LOOPED COMBINATION, RESPECTIVELY.