INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MODERN RESEARCH’S IN MANAGEMENT, ECONOMIC AND ACCOUNTING | Year:2016 | دوره:3 |Papers Count:18

EVERY ECONOMY NEEDS TO PRODUCTION FACTOR FOR GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT. NO COUNTRY CAN NOT JUST RELY ON THEIR INTERNAL RESOURCES TO EXPERIENCE ECONOMIC GROWTH, BUT IT SHOULD PAY PARTICULAR ATTENTION TO INTERNATIONAL RESOURCES TO INCREASE DOMESTIC POWER PRODUCTION IS. ECONOMIC SANCTIONS, LOSS OF ECONOMIC SECURITY FOR DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN FACTORS OF PRODUCTION AND THE REDUCED INTERNATIONAL AND DOMESTIC SOURCES. THE PRODUCTION OF THE DOMESTIC ECONOMY OF A COUNTRY ABROAD AND DO NOT HAVE THE INTERNAL RESOURCES TO LEAVE THE COUNTRY. SANCTIONS, THE CREATION OF ECONOMIC INSECURITY, THE DESIRE TO REDUCE INVESTMENT AND REDUCE SWELLING IN THE SUPPLY SIDE OF THE ECONOMY AT THE MACRO LEVEL WILL RISE. INVESTMENT SPENDING AS A DRIVING FORCE FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IS REMEMBERED. ONE OF THE VARIABLES THAT CAN BE CHANGED BY CHANGING THE MACRO VARIABLES IS INVESTMENT. PRIVATE INVESTMENT, IS A PART OF THE TOTAL INVESTMENT THAT MONETARY POLICY CAN MAKES MANY CHANGES TO IT.

TRADE NAMES IN THE CURRENT ECONOMICS OF THE WORLD ARE AS CORNERSTONE ELEMENTS OF BUSINESS. TRADE NAME IS CONSIDERED TO BE AS INTANGIBLE ASSETS OF EACH COMPANY THAT IS AS A VALUABLE SOURCE FOR COMPANIES. THE IDENTITY OF BRAND NAME IS ONE OF THE FEATURES OF BRAND NAME, AND THAT IS REGARDED TO BE AS MOST IMPORTANT ISSUE IN MANAGING BRAND NAME. THE BRAND NAME CAUSE TO HAPPEN POSITIVE BEHAVIORS FROM THE COSTUMERS' SIDE LIKE LOYALTY, MOUTH-TO-MOUTH ADVERTISEMENT, VISITING, AND RE-BUYING, AND THAT IS VERY IMPORTANT IN RELATIONAL MARKETING. FOR EACH BRAND NAME TO BE RICH, THAT SHOULD RECOGNIZE THE IDENTITY OF ITSELF AT THE BEGINNING TERMS OF FORMULATING THE BRAND NAME, AND THAT SHOULD SHAPE IN THIS IMAGE THE MIND OF CONSUMERS. TODAY, BRAND NAME IS LIKE CAPITAL FOR THE ORGANIZATION AND ITS PRODUCTS. A BRAND NAME TO HAVE MORE AUTHORITY, WHICH SHOULD SHOW LOYALTY IN TIMES. IN THE CURRENT RESEARCH, IT IS TO IDENTIFY AND DISCOVER THE EFFECTIVE CRITICAL FACTORS ON BRAND. THERE SHOULD BE A QUESTIONNAIRE INCLUDING 23 ITEMS AND 400 NUMBERS IN ACTIVE COMPANIES OF CLOTHING INDUSTRY AND DISTRIBUTED IN TEHRAN. OUT OF 400, ONLY 385 WERE COLLECTED. BY THE USE OF THE FACTORIAL ANALYSIS, WE JUST FOUND SIX VITAL FACTORS FOR IDENTIFYING THE MOST INFLUENTIAL FACTORS. AFTER THIS SORT OF ANALYSIS, ONE FACTOR REMOVED IN NAMING THE FACTORS STAGE, AND 5 FACTORS REMAINED NAMING AS BRAND SENSE, BRAND SOCIETY, BRAND TRUST, BRAND EQUITY, AND BRAND PERSONALITY. CRONBACH'S ALPHA FOR THE STUDY WAS 0.735.

THE CONCEPT AND THEORY OF SERVANT LEADERSHIP IS BECOMING MORE POPULAR AND IMPORTANT AMONG OTHER LEADERSHIP STYLES IN THE CURRENT ERA OF LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT. ALTHOUGH IT IS AN ALLURING AND INTERESTING CONCEPT IT IS NOT YET CLEARLY DEFINED AND IT IS NOT COMPLETELY ELABORATED AND SUPPORTED BY EMPIRICAL RESEARCH. IN THIS ARTICLE SERVANT LEADERSHIP’S LITERATURE, ITS ATTRIBUTES AND THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SERVANT LEADERSHIP AND TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP WILL BE DISCUSSED. AND IN THE END BASED ON THE MANY ATTRIBUTES SUGGESTED BY MANY STUDIES AND RESEARCHERS, WE WILL DEVELOP A FRAMEWORK FOR CATEGORIZING THE FUNCTIONAL AND ACCOMPANYING ATTRIBUTES OF SERVANT LEADERS. AFTER CATEGORIZING THE ATTRIBUTES TWO MODELS WILL BE SUGGESTED FOR RESEARCHERS TO WORK ON AND FOR PRACTITIONERS TO APPLY IN THEIR ORGANIZATIONS.

IN THE INFORMATION AGE, ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS HAVE A SPECIAL PLACE. THIS STUDY AIMS TO IDENTIFY AND RANK THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE EFFECTIVE DEVELOPMENT OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN STATE-OWNED INSTITUTIONS AND ENTERPRISES IN SISTAN AND BALUCHISTAN PROVINCE. FOR THIS PURPOSE, A SAMPLE INCLUDING 23 STATE-OWNED INSTITUTIONS, ORGANIZATIONS AND ENTERPRISES WERE RANDOMLY SELECTED. THE REQUIRED DATA WERE COLLECTED BY DISTRIBUTING 37 QUESTIONNAIRES AMONG THE PEOPLE WHO USED ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS. TO REVIEW THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS, FIVE MAJOR ELEMENTS (MANAGERS, USERS, SYSTEM, ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES AND LEGAL REQUIREMENTS) WERE INVESTIGATED IN THE FORM OF FIVE MAIN HYPOTHESES AND FOURTEEN SECONDARY HYPOTHESES (COMPUTER AND ACCOUNTING KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS OF MANAGERS AND USERS, THE USERS’ JOB SATISFACTION, THE USERS’ EXPERIENCE OF WORKING WITH SYSTEMS, THE MANAGERS’ COMMITMENT AND OBLIGATION, SECURITY, SUPPORT, COST PRICE, FLEXIBILITY, COMPREHENSIVENESS AND INTEGRATION OF SYSTEMS AND LEGAL REQUIREMENTS). TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS INDICATORS, FOUR MAIN FACTORS OF PROVIDING INTRA-ORGANIZATIONAL AND EXTRA-ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION NEEDS, THE DIMENSIONS OF THE INTERNAL CONTROLS STRUCTURE, COMPLIANCE WITH LEGAL REQUIREMENTS AND QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ACCOUNTING INFORMATION WERE EXAMINED IN THE FORM OF 26 QUESTIONS. THE JOB SATISFACTION RELATED DATA WAS COLLECTED FROM THE STANDARD JDI QUESTIONNAIRE AND OTHER DATA WERE COLLECTED FROM SELF-MADE QUESTIONNAIRES. THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT, FROM AMONG THE SUBSIDIARY INDEPENDENT VARIABLES AFFECTING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SYSTEMS, THE MANAGERS’ COMMITMENT AND OBLIGATION, COMPREHENSIVENESS, FLEXIBILITY, SUPPORT, INTEGRATION OF SYSTEM AND THE USERS’ EXPERIENCE OF WORKING WITH SYSTEMS, THE USERS’ JOB SATISFACTION, SYSTEM’S COST PRICE AND FINALLY SYSTEM SECURITY HAVE HAD THE GREATEST IMPACT ON THE ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS, RESPECTIVELY.

THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE BRAND PERSONALITIES WITH CUSTOMER LOYALTY IN REFAH KARGARAN BANK BRANCHES IN TEHRAN. THE ORDER OF THE DIMENSIONS OF BRAND PERSONALITY IN THIS RESEARCH SINCERITY, EXCITEMENT, COMPETENCE, SOPHISTICATION AND ROBUSTNESS. IN TERMS OF PURPOSE AND METHODOLOGY IS SURVEY METHODOLOGY. RESEARCH STATISTICAL SOCIETY IS 1.100.000 CUSTOMERS OF REFAH BANK WHO HAVE ACCOUNTS IN BRANCHES OF TEHRAN.THE RESEARCH MODEL WITH A SAMPLE OF 250 BANK CUSTOMERS USING SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLE WAS EVALUATED AVAILABLE. IN THIS STUDY, A STANDARD QUESTIONNAIRE WAS TO COLLECT DATA USING SPSS AND LISREL RESULTS WERE MEASURED. RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH SHOW THAT THE EXCITEMENT, COMPETENCE, SOPHISTICATION AND STRENGTH OF CUSTOMER LOYALTY WELFARE WORKER BANK, HOWEVER, BETWEEN HONESTY AND LOYALTY IN THE REFAH BANK, THERE IS NO DIRECT RELATIONSHIP.

THE EXPANSION OF GLOBALIZATION NOT ONLY AFFECTS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES’ FINANCIAL MARKETS, BUT ALSO THE MARKETS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. THIS CONDITION CAUSES INVESTORS WHO DIVERSIFY THEIR ASSET PORTFOLIO IN FOREIGN MARKETS, PAY SERIOUS ATTENTION TO LINKS BETWEEN STOCK MARKETS. THIS FACT IMPLIES THAT THERE IS AN EQUILIBRIUM RELATION BETWEEN FINANCIAL MARKETS. MOST OF THESE MARKETS HAVE LONG-RUN MEMORY CHARACTERISTIC WHICH SHOULD BE CONSIDERED IN MODELING AND ESTIMATION. LONG MEMORY IN ASSET RETURNS AND VOLATILITIES IS A NEW RESEARCH AREA, BOTH IN THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL MODELING OF HIGH-FREQUENCY FINANCIAL TIME SERIES. THE PRESENT PAPER AIMS TO EXTEND CONSTANT CONDITIONAL CORRELATION (CCC) MULTIVARIATE GARCH MODELS TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE PRESENCE OF LONG MEMORY IN DAILY FINANCIAL TIME SERIES. THE EXTENDED MODEL IS MORE ADAPTABLE TO REAL-WORLD CONDITIONS, AND IT TAKES THE LONG MEMORY EFFECT INTO ACCOUNT AND ESTIMATES IT THROUGHOUT THE ESTIMATION PROCESS. IN ORDER TO JUSTIFY THE APPLICABILITY OF THE PROPOSED MODEL, WE INVESTIGATED VOLATILITY SPILLOVER AMONG THE TEHRAN STOCK INDEX, THE DUBAI STOCK INDEX, AND THE GLOBAL OIL-PRICE INDEX USING THE MFIGARCH MODEL COVERING THE PERIOD FROM DECEMBER 5, 2006 TO JANUARY 30, 2012. THE RESULTS OF THE ESTIMATION BY DIFFERENT MODELS GENERALLY SHOWED VOLATILITY SPILLOVER FROM THE GLOBAL OIL MARKET TO THE TEHRAN AND DUBAI MARKETS. SIGNIFICANT VOLATILITY SPILLOVER FROM THE DUBAI MARKET TO TEHRAN WAS OBSERVED AS WELL, WHILE NO SPILLOVER EFFECT WAS OBSERVED IN THE REVERSE DIRECTION.

IN TODAYS’ COMPETITIVE WORLD, DATA QUALITY (DQ) IS A CRITICAL FACTOR FOR THE SUCCESS OF ORGANIZATIONS. ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS (AISS), AS A SUBCATEGORY OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS, REQUIRE DATA WITH HIGH QUALITY. EMPIRICAL STUDIES HAVE INTRODUCED DQ AS ONE OF THE MOST COMPLICATED ISSUES IN AISS. THEREFORE, IDENTIFICATION AND EXPLANATION OF THE CRITICAL FACTORS TO ENSURE DQ IN AISS ARE VERY IMPORTANT.

INVESTIGATING AND IDENTIFYING THE MOST IMPORTANT AND THE MOST USED ISLAMIC TOOLS OF FINANCING AND ALSO RECOGNIZING THE MOST IMPORTANT COMMON RISKS OF THESE TOOLS AND RATING THEM BASED ON ANY OF THESE COMMON RISKS ARE THE MAIN AIMS OF THIS STUDY. IN REGARD TO PHILOSOPHY AND GOVERNING PARADIGM OF RESEARCH, THIS IS AN INTERPRETATIVE STUDY AND IN REGARD TO ORIENTATION, IT IS AN APPLIED STUDY WITH A DEDUCTIVE APPROACH. THE RESEARCH TOOLS AND METHODS OF DATA GATHERING ARE LIBRARY STUDIES, INTERVIEW AND FIELD RESEARCH. THE STATISTICAL SOCIETY OF RESEARCH INCLUDES MANAGERS AND EXPERTS OF SINA BANK. THE DELPHI QUESTIONNAIRE USED TO GATHER THE NEEDED INFORMATION.

CRUDE OIL, AS A POLITICAL-ECONOMIC PRODUCT, PLAYS A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN THE WORLD ECONOMY. ALMOST, ALL ARTIFACTS OF HUMAN BEING ARE DEPENDENT ON IT IN SOME PROCESSES FROM PRODUCTION TO DISTRIBUTION FROM ENERGY CONSUMPTION TO TRANSPORTATION. PROPER POLICYMAKING OF CRUDE OIL PRICE BASED ON SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES COULD PROVIDE THE GROUND FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH. THIS PAPER DEALS WITH OIL PRICE FORECAST USING FUZZY AR MODEL. THE RESULTS INDICATED THAT THE ACCURACY OF FUZZY AR METHOD IS CONSIDERABLY HIGHER THAN ARMA METHOD. THUS, IT IS RECOMMENDED TO USE FUZZY AR METHOD FOR INCREASING THE RELIABILITY OF PRECISE FORECAST.

TODAY WITH DEVELOPMENT OF USING CONTAINERS FOR MOVEMENTS OF CARGOES, CONTAINER TERMINALS KNOWN AS COMPETITION ADVANTAGE OF EVERY PORT. THIS RESEARCH AIMS TO SUGGESTS PROPER MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS FOR CONTAINER TRANSPORTATION AT KHORRAMSHAHR PORT. THEREFORE, THIS RESEARCH DONE AT 2 PHASES. AT FIRST STAGE, AFTER RECOGNIZING STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS OF KHORRAMSHAHR CONTAINER TERMINAL BY AID OF BRAIN STORMY METHOD, WITH REGARDING TO POPULATION OF EXPERTS AT KHORRAMSHAHR PORT, CUSTOMS AND SHIPPING AGENCYIES (50 PERSONNES), USED KUKRAN FORMULA AND DISTRIBUTED 33 QUESTIONNAIRE BETWEEN THEM AS SAMPLE FOR CALCULATING THE WEIGHTS OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FACTORS. POSITION OF KHORRAMSHHR CONTAINER TERMINAL BASED ON INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL EVALUATION SCORES IDENTIFIED AS "SURVIVAL" WHICH IS EQUAL WITH "W-O" STRATEGIES IN SWOT MATRIX. HAVE BEEN SUGGESTED STRATEGIES FOR PENETRATION INTO POTENTIAL MARKETS AND OPTIMUM ORGANIZING OF CONTAINER TERMINAL BASED ON SWOT ANALYSIS. AT SECON STAGE, THE MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES FOR "EMPTY CONTAINERS" SURVEYED BY AID OF 10 INTERVIEWEES. INTERVIEWEES START FROM MANAGER OF KHORRAMSHAHR AGENCY OF CONTAINER SHIPPING COMPANY "HOOPAD DARYA" WHICH IS ONE CLUSTERS OF IRISL. EVERY PERSON INTRODUCED OTHER PERSON FOR COLLECTING INFORMATION. AFTER GLUT OF IDEAS, BY CONSIDERING AUTHORS KNOWLEDGE AT THIS SCOPE, AUTHORS SUGGESTED MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS FOR IMPROVING EMPTY CONTAINER MANAGEMENT, COSTS AND PROBLEMS AT KHORRAMSHAHR PORT.

THE PURPOSE OF THIS ARTICLE IS TO EXAMINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMPOWERING THE STAFF AND JOB BURN -OUT IN THE STAFF OF THE OFFICE OF DEALING WITH MEDICAL DOCUMENTS IN SOCIAL SUPPORT ORGANIZATION. IN THIS ARTICLE, TO EXAMINE THE STAFF'S EMPOWERING, SPIRTEZ MODEL AND DIMENSIONS OF COMPETENCE FEELING, FEELING OF SIGNIFICANCE, FEELING OF EFFECTIVENESS, CONFIDENCE WERE USED AND IN ORDER TO EXAMINE JOB BURN- OUT, MASLACH MODEL AND DIMENSIONS OF AFFECTIVE TIREDNESS, DE PERSONALIZATION AND LACK OF PERSONAL SUCCESS WERE USED. THE PRESENT RESEARCH IS AN APPLIED RESEARCH REGARDING ITS PURPOSE AND IS DESCRIPTIVE STUDY, OF CORRELATION ONE REGARDING ITS METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION. IN ORDER TO COLLECT DATA, QUESTIONNAIRE WAS USED. THE STATISTICAL POPULATION OF THE PRESENT RESEARCH INCLUDES ALL THE STAFF OF THE OFFICE OF DEALING WITH MEDICAL DOCUMENTS OF TABRIZ SOCIAL SUPPORT ORGANIZATION THAT ARE 150 PEOPLE. IN ORDER TO DETERMINE THE SAMPLE SIZE, MORGAN TABLE WAS USED AND 108 PEOPLE WERE SELECTED AS SAMPLE. THE QUESTIONNAIRE RELIABILITY WAS EXAMINED AND CONFIRMED USING TEST OF CRONBACH ALPHA COEFFICIENT AND FOR QUESTIONNAIRE VALIDITY, FACTORIAL ANALYSIS TEST WAS USED. DATA ANALYSIS WAS DONE USING SPSS AND LISRE1 SOFT WARES AND TESTS OF CORRELATIONAL COEFFICIENT AND STRUCTURAL EQUATIONS MODELING. THE RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH SHOWED THAT THERE IS NEGATIVE SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STAFF'S EMPOWERING AND JOB BURN OUT AMONG STAFF OF THE OFFICE OF DEALING WITH MEDICAL DOCUMENTS OF TABRIZ SOCIAL SUPPORT ORGANIZATION.

THE PURPOSE OF PRESENT RESEARCH IS TO EXAMINE THE ROLE OF SOCIAL CAPITAL ON THE QUALITY OF WORK LIFE AMONG EMPLOYEES OF THE SOCIAL SECURITY ORGANIZATION OF EAST AZERBAIJAN PROVINCE, IRAN. TO REACH THIS PURPOSE, SOCIAL CAPITAL IS DEFINED BASED ON THE TOTAL THEORIES PRESENTED IN THIS FIELD IN THREE DIMENSIONS: 1. SOCIAL TRUST 2. SOCIAL PARTICIPATION, 3. SOCIAL COHESION; AND THE QUALITY OF WORK LIFE BASED ON WALTON'S MODEL OF ANALYSIS IN 8 DIMENSIONS: 1. FAIR AND APPROPRIATE COMPENSATION, 2. WORK CONDITIONS, 3. USE AND DEVELOPMENT OF CAPACITIES, 4. CHANCE OF GROWTH AND SECURITY, 5. SOCIAL INTEGRATION IN THE ORGANIZATION, 6. CONSTITUTIONALISM, 7. WORK AND THE TOTAL SPACE OF LIFE, 8. SOCIAL RELEVANCE OF THE WORK IN THE LIFE. IN THIS REGARD, ONE MAIN AND THREE SUB HYPOTHESES WERE EXAMINED. A RANDOM TOTAL OF 260 EMPLOYEES, AS SAMPLES, WERE SELECTED BASED ON COCHRAN'S FORMULA, TO PARTICIPATE IN THIS STUDY. DATA WAS COLLECTED THROUGH A QUESTIONNAIRE. THE VALIDITY OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE IS CONTENT BASED. THE RELIABILITY OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE WAS CONFIRMED BY USING CRONBACH'S ALPHA, WHICH SHOWED 0.847 FOR THE QUESTIONS ON SOCIAL CAPITAL AND 0.965 FOR THE QUESTIONS ON THE QUALITY OF WORK LIFE. IN ORDER TO TEST THE RESEARCH HYPOTHESES, PEARSON'S TEST AND REGRESSION WERE USED. THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT THE SOCIAL CAPITAL AND ITS DIMENSIONS HAVE EFFECT ON QUALITY OF WORK LIFE IN THE ORGANIZATION UNDER STUDY.

IN THIS STUDY, THE EFFECT OF MANAGER’S COMMUNICATION SKILLS ON PRODUCTIVITY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES AND HEALTH SERVICES, EAST AZERBAIJAN PROVINCE IS INVESTIGATED. FOR THIS PURPOSE, COMMUNICATION SKILLS IS DEFINED BASED ON THE THEORY OF BURTON G.E IN THREE DIMENSIONS: VERBAL SKILLS, LISTENING SKILLS AND FEEDBACK SKILLS, AND PRODUCTIVITY BASED ON THE TOTAL THEORIES PRESENTED IN THIS FIELD IN SEVEN DIMENSIONS: ABILITY, CLARITY, ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT, MOTIVATION, ASSESSMENT, VALIDATION, AND ENVIRONMENT. IN THIS REGARD, A MAIN AND THREE SUB-HYPOTHESES WERE EXAMINED. THE POPULATION OF PRESENT RESEARCH IS MANAGERS OF THE MEDICAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY AND HEALTH SERVICES WHICH HAS 128 NUMBERS AND A RANDOM TOTAL OF 96 PERSONS, AS SAMPLES, WERE SELECTED BASED ON COCHRAN'S FORMULA, TO PARTICIPATE IN THIS STUDY. DATA WAS COLLECTED THROUGH A QUESTIONNAIRE AND THE VALIDITY OF QUESTIONNAIRE IS CONTENT BASED. THE RELIABILITY OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE WAS CONFIRMED BY USING CRONBACH'S ALPHA, WHICH SHOWED 0.800 FOR THE QUESTIONS ON COMMUNICATION SKILLS AND 0.925 FOR THE QUESTIONS ON THE PRODUCTIVITY. IN ORDER TO TEST THE RESEARCH HYPOTHESES, PEARSON'S TEST, AND REGRESSION AND FOR NORMALITY KOLMOGOROV-SMIRNOV TEST WERE USED. THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT THE COMMUNICATION SKILLS OF MANAGERS AND ITS THREE DIMENSIONS, HAVE EFFECTS ON THEIR PRODUCTIVITY AT STUDIED ORGANIZATION.

ORGANIZATIONS HAVE STRUGGLED WITH THE ISSUE OF THEIR RESPONSIBILITY TO THE SOCIETY. IT WILL PROVIDE A MAXIMUM FINANCIAL RETURN TO SHAREHOLDERS, AND THIS MESSAGE BECAME INDELIBLY CLEAR AS A RESULT OF THE CREATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION. CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IS A WAY FOR COMPANIES TO BENEFIT THEMSELVES WHILE ADVANTAGE ENVIRONMENT THAT WOULD RATHER SOMEHOW BENEFIT THE PEOPLE AND THE COMMUNITY. IN OTHER WORDS, IT INCLUDES ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION, SOCIAL EQUITY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH THAT HAVE AN AFFINITY WITH THE PRINCIPLE OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT.THIS STUDY TRIES TO FIND A FRAMEWORK FOR CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND THEIR OUTCOMES FOR THE ORGANIZATIONS. THE FRAMEWORK COMES OUT WITH CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ANTECEDENTS AND POLICIES, WHICH THEY CLASSIFY AS CORPORATE CULTURE, ETHICAL OBLIGATIONS, INNOVATIVENESS, ETHICAL LEADERSHIP, EMPLOYEE’S PERCEPTION AND QUALITY OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES. THESE VARIABLES EXPLAIN UNDERLYING MECHANISMS OF CSR OUTCOMES’ RELATIONSHIPS, WHICH ARE ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE AND ENVIRONMENT BENEFITS THAT EXPLAIN CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CSR, AND ITS OUTCOMES CHANGED. THEN, THE ARTICLE DISCUSSES THE MANAGERIAL COMMITMENTS ROLE AS A MODERATOR WHO NEEDED TO MONITOR, MEET, AND EVEN EXCEED, STAKEHOLDER NORMS.

TODAY, MEASUREMENTIS ONE OF THE MOST FUNDAMENTAL BASES OF DIFFERENT SCIENCES IN THE FIELD OF HUMAN ACHIEVEMENTS. PERHAPS, THE MEASUREMENT MOVEMENT CAN BE CONSIDERED AS ONE OF THE MAIN COMPONENTS OF ADVANCED SOCIETIES. IN THE MEANTIME, PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT AS AN IMPORTANT ISSUE, INCLUDESDIFFERENT PERFORMANCES INBUSINESS. DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS (DEA) IS A MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING MODEL TO EVALUATE THE EFFICIENCY OF DECISION-MAKING UNITS (DMU) HAVING SEVERAL INPUTS AND OUTPUTS. ALTHOUGH THIS METHOD RELATIVELY MEASURES THE EFFICIENCY OF THE UNITS, AND COMPARESUNITS, IT HASPROBLEMS. WEAKNESS INDMUS SEPARATION IS ONE THE MOST IMPORTANT DIFFICULTIES IN IMPLEMENTING DEA MODELS. IN THIS STUDY, WE DECIDEDTO OVERCOME THE WEAKNESS OF CLASSIC DEA MODELS COMBINING THEM WITHONE OF THE MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING MODELS CALLED GOAL PROGRAMMING. THE MODEL PRESENTED IN THIS STUDY IS BASED ON THE CLASSIC DEA MODEL AND WE MUSTDEFINE A MAXIMUM AND A MINIMUM EFFICIENCY TO ENHANCE THE EFFICIENCY SEPARATION. IN ORDER TO DETERMINE THE BEST OBJECTIVE FUNCTION, 4 ASSESSMENT BASE INDICATORS AREDEFINED. THEN, BASED ON THOSE INDICATORS, 3 IDEAL GOAL FUNCTIONS WERE DEFINED. TO EVALUATE THE MODEL, A DATA SET WAS CONSIDERED AS INPUT. WITH REGARD TO THE CRITERIA OF HIGHER AVERAGE PERFORMANCE ANDHIGHEREFFICIENCY DISTRIBUTION AT THE SAME TIME IN ORDER TO ENHANCE SEPARATION POWER, IT WAS FOUND THAT THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY DISTRIBUTION AND MINIMUM EFFICIENCY DISTRIBUTION HAD THE BEST RESULT.IN GENERAL, REGARDLESS OF THE INTRODUCTION OF A PROPOSED UNIT AS THE MOST EFFICIENT UNIT TO EVALUATE OTHER UNITS, THE NUMBER OF CALCULATIONS IS REDUCED; ON THE OTHER HAND, PREVENTING THE INTRODUCTION OF SEVERAL UNITS AS THE MOST EFFICIENT UNITS AS WELL AS THE SEPARATION OFUNITS’ PERFORMANCE, IT CAN BE USED AS A SUITABLE MODEL FOR RANKING UNITS.

ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT AND URGENT ISSUES IN EVERY COUNTRY THAT EVERYONE AGREES ON IS THE NECESSITY TO FIGHT AGAINST INFLATION, PREVENT THE DECREASE OF PEOPLE’S PURCHASING POWER, MAINTAIN THE PURCHASING POWER OF THE NATIONAL CURRENCY AND FIGHT AGAINST THE CAUSES AND ROOTS OF THIS BITTER DISEASE AND PHENOMENON WHICH DEVASTATES THE ECONOMY. GIVEN THE LONG HISTORY OF GROWING LIQUIDITY IN IRAN AND ITS IMPACT ON ECONOMIC VARIABLES, IT IS NECESSARY TO STUDY ITS IMPACT ON THE INFLATION RATE AS MONETARY POLICIES ARE BEING CODIFIED AT THE MACRO LEVEL.IN THIS PAPER, AT FIRST, WE STATED THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LIQUIDITY AND INFLATION FROM THE TWO PERSPECTIVES, TRADITIONAL CLASSIC AND NEW CLASSIC, THEN WE ESTIMATED THE LONG-TERM RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LIQUIDITY AND INFLATION FOR THE ECONOMY OF IRAN AS AN ECONOMETRIC MODEL NAMED JOHANSEN-JUSELIUS MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD METHOD (ML) AND AUTO-REGRESSIVE DISTRIBUTED LAG. ACCORDING TO THE RESULTS, THE AMOUNT OF LIQUIDITY IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN LONG-TERM INFLATION. TEN PERCENT INCREASE IN LIQUIDITY IN LONG-TERM CAUSES 42 PERCENT INCREASE IN PRICE INDEX OF GOODS AND SERVICES. MOREOVER, WE PROVIDED SHORT-TERM DYNAMIC ANALYSIS USING VARIANCE ANALYSIS AND IMPULSE RESPONSE FUNCTIONS.

OIL PRICE VOLATILITY IS A KEY FACTOR OF MANY ECONOMIC CRISES AMONG OIL IMPORTERS AND EXPORTERS. THUS, EXAMINING THE EFFECTS OF OIL PRICE SHOCKS ON THE ECONOMY OF OIL-EXPORTING, COUNTRIES IS ESSENTIAL. IN THIS STUDY THE EFFECTS OF OIL PRICE SHOCKS ON GDP BY USING QUARTERLY DATA OF 1990-2010 WERE EXAMINED. IN MANY STUDIES, THE EFFECTS OF OIL PRICE SHOCK ON THE GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) AND ECONOMIC GROWTH HAVE BEEN EXAMINED. BUT, NO STUDY HAS MENTIONED MARKOV- SWITCHING APPROACH FOR PROBING THIS RELATION IN THE IRANIAN ECONOMY. THIS MAKES OUR STUDY DISTINCT FROM OTHERS. THE RESULTS SHOW THE ASYMMETRY DURING THE EFFECTS OF OIL PRICE SHOCKS ON GDP OF IRAN. ALSO, THE NEGATIVE EFFECT OF REDUCING OIL PRICE ON GDP IN IRAN IS LESS THAN POSITIVE EFFECT OF INCREASING OIL PRICE.

THE PURPOSE OF THIS PAPER IS TO PROVIDE LESSONS AND SELECTIVE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON ENERGY INTENSITY/PRODUCTIVITY USED TO STUDY ENERGY EFFICIENCY. ENERGY INTENSITY IS AN AVERAGE MEASURE OF ENERGY USE AND IS SOMETIMES CONFUSED WITH ENERGY EFFICIENCY, WHICH REQUIRES A MARGINAL VALUE INDEX COMPARABLE WITH ENERGY PRICE TO MEASURE EFFICIENT ENERGY USE. NEVERTHELESS, ENERGY INTENSITY HAS BEEN WIDELY USED FOR MEASURING ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND A REVIEW OF THIS LITERATURE SHOWS THE CURRENT POSITION OF RESEARCH IN THIS AREA AND SERVES AS THE STARTING POINT FOR INTRODUCING AN ALTERNATIVE MARGINAL YARDSTICK TO MEASURE EFFICIENT USE OF ENERGY AT THE SECTORAL OR NATIONAL LEVEL IN ANY COUNTRY INCLUDING IRAN.