EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION RESEARCH QUARTERLY
Year:2011 | Volume:2 | Issue:SPECIAL ISSUE: QURANIC MANAGEMENT (7)|Papers Count:20

Allah created the universe and kindly took its responsibility. Then, He created human being, and assigned him as His representative on the earth. In this paper, after defining and stating the necessity of the management discussion, the managers' characteristics are reviewed from the Quran's point of view. Then, the managers' positive characteristics are discussed by referring to the Imams' traditions. Finally, the obstacles that hinder the development of the Quranic management are taken into consideration.

Undoubtedly, Islam is a perfect religion, and includes all the rules needed to make human being prosperous, and the holy Quran is a map of the road of prosperity descended to the holy prophet. Among the most important factors that affect each society are its leader and the quality of the manager's administration. According to Islamic and Quranic norms, the best type of management is the one that lets people manage themselves based on the Islamic norms. So, by paying attention to and thinking of Quranic verses, we can obtain the significant and highlighted points in Islamic management. The points which can solve the problems, and provide human beings with prosperity. Therefore, regarding the status of management in the Islamic system, the researcher is to review chapter 1, 2, and 3 of the holy Quran, and elaborate the Quranic management.

According to Islamic and Quranic criteria, the best kind of management is the one that lets people manage themselves based on religious norms. Autonomy based on Quranic norms is the soul of official policy in the Islamic system. The Quranic management is focused one. It means that there is solidarity in decision making, unity and coordination among staff, and organizational relationships among the units, and their related sections. However, the Quranic management is based on counseling which is somehow different from the routine counseling. Regarding the importance and status of management in the Islamic system, I decided to elaborate the Allah's verses point of view about the management which are fair and logical let Iranian people enjoy its blessing. The present paper concentrates on Chapters 4, 5, and 6 of the holy Quran.

The necessity of management in social life is an axiomatic issue, and does not need to be proved. The reason is that a social life, even in a very small size, will not survive without a manager, or a special planning. There are different definitions given in dictionaries for the word "management". Some believe that it is art and say that, "the art of management is guidance, establishing coordination, and supervision of a lot of people in order to achieve a predetermined goal or purpose," Saroukhani, 2007, p. 766). The holy Quran, has been descended by Allah, the creator of all creatures. A book that elaborates the needs of people's life in order to grow and evolve. The Quranic management includes the art of discovering, equipping, stimulating, adjusting, and leading the work forces toward the Allah's goals (Heidari, Educational Management Quarterly, p.18). In this paper, Chapters 7, 8, and 9 of the holy Quran is investigated in order to depict the managers' characteristics, roles, and duties.

The holy Quran is a book descended by Allah for all the creatures including human beings and illustrates their needs in order to evolve and grow. This study is an attempt to elaborate the characteristics of managers with reference to the verses of the holy Quran and Nahjolbalaqeh. In addition, by referring to the interpretation of the holy Quran, a bridge has been built between our exhausted minds and the Allah's holy verses. Therefore, the heavenly orders were obtained from the three given Chapters. The obtained managers' characteristics are as follows: the counselors' characteristics, the staff's skills and personal interest, creativity, risk taking, staff's background, probability in planning, the reminding of goals, moderation in expenses, avoidance of promising, and work quality. The final purpose of this study is to provide those interested in the discussion of Islamic management with a comprehensible version of this issue.

In this study, the most significant points of management which are referred to in Chapters 10, 11, and 12 of the holy Quran are discussed. The research method is analytical and documentary. From the religious point of view, Allah is the creator and the architecture of the universe, and the adjuster of the day and night. He has designed the universe in a way that everything is in its place and rotates in its special orbit to meet its preplanned shared destination. The findings of the study showed that the managements points induced from the holy Quran's verses are valid for all places and periods. The holy Quran, in the given Chapters refers to the patterns of leading the societies and organizations by holy prophets. In these Chapters, The importance, goal, principles, and methods of leadership and management have been stated.

It is crystal clear that each of the chapters of the holy Quran is a coherent collection which has an obvious purpose, and each verse of the given chapter follows the same purpose. The holy Quran chapters are like a chain that each is semantically connected to the preceding and the following ones, and they are complementary concerning their purpose. The Islamic management is among those subjects that are mentioned in the holy Quran both implicitly and straightforwardly. The ultimate goal of the holy Quran is to promote human being's status and to flourish their aptitude. In this paper, at first, some terms related to management, Islamic management, and managers' duties are stated from the point of view of Islamic religion. In addition, the management points stated in the holy Quran in chapters 16, 17, and 18 are discussed.

Historically, the holy Quran has been a significant source for Islamic thinkers. Based on the Verse 3, Chapter Younis, Allah created human beings, and assigned him as His representative on the earth to manage the world. According to Verse 34, Chapter Baqareh, human beings are in charge of the world, a mission that has been assigned by Allah (Heidari Tafreshi, 2007). The duty of each Moslem is to obey Allah. Hence, regarding the management guidelines, issued by holy leaders of each society, it is necessary to follow these orders and patterns, and manage the affairs in a way that satisfies Allah. In this regard, the writer of this paper is to obtain the management points mentioned in Chapters 19, 20, and 21 of the holy Quran.

Regarding the importance and status of management in the Islamic system, we decided to elaborate it with reference to Allah's fair and logical view in Chapters 22, 23, and 24 of the holy Quran. It is hoped that by following this management model practically, we would be able to enjoy the advantages of this type of management. In this paper, the three main subjects of "the necessity of management from the holy Quran point of view", "the duties of managers", and "managers' characteristics" are discussed. The duties of managers are as follows: having goal and comprehensive program, elaboration of tasks, quality orientation, responsibility, supervision, evaluation, initiation, respect to good traditions, the unity in commanding, opinion polling, change, reformation, staff promotion, official hierarchy, coping with the rule breakers, and following the system of values. The managers' characteristics, discussed in this paper, are as follows: awareness, patience, acceptance of others' ideas, providence, and mental heath.

Management is one of the most important and delicate humane activities which has its own features. Perhaps, the lack of one of these features causes the violation of the management discipline. Some believe that management is a simple activity, and think that holding a degree in management is enough, and from their point of view, capable managers can be found every where. However, management experts do not accept this. There are not enough capable and qualified managers, and the secret is that a part of the management features is a blessing bestowed to human beings. This is not learned by reading, education, and training, and the holy Quran, a long with the remarkable history of Islam, has continually been an important source for research done by scientists, thinkers, and managers. The evidence which proves this fact is the works of great researchers and interpreters whose main reference has been the holy Quran. This paper is to state the management points included in Chapters 25, 26, and 27 of the holy Quran. The writer hopes the outcome will be beneficial.

The management is a multidimensional process and consists of various components; each of them can do the puzzle of the Quranic management. The components which can do the puzzle of the management, and have suitable position in the presenting a successful pattern of the Quranic management to the world are: the criminal punishment, the variety in the punishment, cope with flattery, compensation, budgeting, being alert against the spying, the managers' family background, presenting the pattern, solidarity and coherence, advertisement, coordination with the nature of duty, managers' characteristics, information classification, relationship with Allah, Boycotting of some groups, managers, healthy life, joy in the work climate, assigning decision making, support of managers, the criteria for performance evaluation, getting familiar with the staff's pains, patience, fame, permission, technology and innovation. In this paper, all the management points in the last three Chapters of the holy Quran have been obtained, and briefly elaborated.

The discussion of management is historical, because from the very beginning of the existence of human being on the earth, he has had the idea of managing that small community in his mind. Nowadays, at the time that human knowledge has developed in different aspects, and magnificent industrial organizations have been established, the important issue is how to manage the great collections of people. It is crystal clear that there has been ample discussion about management, and it has been considered from various aspects. One of the issues in this regard is the obstacles against leadership which the present study is to consider from the point of view of the holy Quran and traditions.