GANJINE-YE ASNAD
Year:2018 | Volume:28 | Issue:3 (111)|Papers Count:7

Purpose: This paper explores the social, cultural, and economic rank of the position of seal-holder in the shrine of the 8th Shia Imam (=Astan-e Quds-e Razavi) in Mashad during from 16th to early 20th century. Method and Research Design: Data for this paper was collected from archive documents and library sources. Findings and Conclusion: The position was granted to prominent citizens. Although it was inferior compared to that of its counterpart in the kings’ courts, the Astan’ s sealholder was locally a high ranking position with considerable influence in the whole country. During the Safavids (16th and 17th centuries) the kings appointed the sealholder. During the Gajarids he was appointed by Motavalli Astan-e Quds-e Razavi (=the Custodian of the Shrine) The seal on every document was a non-arguable sign of authenticity. The position became obsolete after the practice of signing instead of sealing documents became common in the Pahlavi era.

Purpose: Public diplomacy is based on soft power, i. e. by influencing public opinion, and in particular, the elite of the hosting country, which complements formal diplomacy. Since the early 1960s, due to its strategic location, the energy resources of Iran, common borders with former Soviet Union, and increasing dissatisfaction among the Iranian elite and young people toward US policies, the United States pursued active public diplomacy through numerous programs in order to influence opinions in Iran. This paper reports and analyses these programs. Method and Research Design: Documents confiscated from the US embassy are examined to collect data. Findings and Conclusion: US public diplomacy attempted actively to change the opinions of the elite, young people, and students in its favor by promoting the American life style, and its social, political and educational values, through employing the media, launching educational and training programs, as well as communicating with the members of the elite.

Following the mass import of European goods to Iran in the second half of the 19th centry, the trade balance of the nation turned negative. When the export of raw silk failed due to the spread of silk worm disease in the 1860s, Iranian merchants began to produce and export goods like cotton, rice, opium and Persian carpets to generate income for continuing imports. Increasing demand for carpets in the world market encouraged European companies to invest in the industry in Iran. Purpose: This paper reports the story of European companies’ involvement in Iran’ s carpet industry. Method and Research Design: Data for this paper is collected from archive documents and library resources. Findings and Conclusion: European companies’ involvement was extensive. They established representatives in major carpet industry cities, and invested heavily by setting up carpet weaving factories. In addition, they entered partenerships with local producers. All such activites enabled them to control the domestic carpet market.

Purpose: The establishment of the so-called Justice Box (Persian =sanduq-i adalat) by Nasir al-Din Shah Qajar (1831 – 1896) is discussed as an ingenious device in line with the Iranian tradition of a benevolent tyrant. The king’ s concern for justice in the absence of a justice system led him revive the classic image of a just king for himself. The initiative meant that he personally was supposed to be in direct contact with his subjects and oversee the process of addressing disputes brought to the court. Method and Research Design: Data for this study is gathered mainly from archival records reporting the establishment and performance of the Justice Box. Findings and Conclusion: The king’ s emphasis was to earn the symbolic image of a just king, thus enhancing his legitimacy. A secular court hence paved the way for later demand for a secular justice system that turned to be the main driving force of the 1906 Constitutional Revolution in Iran.

Purpose: To examine whether the Description Archives: Content Standard (DACS) could be used for electronic records. Method and Research Design: A checklist designed based on the DACS was used to collect data for this descriptive survey. The population included all types of electronic records such as Economic Information Systems, Geographic Information Systems, Businness Information Systems, Communication Information Systems and Audio-visual content, Text content, Infographic, Information Data Bases, as well as Web Content. Findings and Conclusion: Usability of DACS for describing Economic Information Systems is 96. 29 %, for Geographic Information Systems is 92. 19%, for Businness Information Systems is 93. 73%, for Communication Information Systems is 71. 65%, for Audio-visual content is 79. 69%, for text content is 75. 95%, for Infographics is 72. 31%, for information Datbases is 92. 19%, and for web content is 69. 73%. On the average its applicability to electronic documents stamds at 80. 00%. A number of recommendations are made to improve the structure of electronic records for better compatibility with DACS.

Purpose: To examine the relationship between thinking styles with value orientationand the way that individuals archive their personal digital documents. Method and Research Design: This is an applied research in terms of its aim, anddescriptive-correlative in terms of its nature. Data was collected by circulating oneresearcher-constructed questionnaire form identifying respondents’ personal digital archiving preferences, and another form, a standard questionnaire for assessing thinkingstyles. Formal validity of the first questionnaire was confirmed by experts. Its structuravalidity was verified by conformity factor analysis. The statistical population consistedof 324 faculty members of the University of Birjand (Iran), out of which 176 were selected randomly using the Krejcie and Morgan sampling table. Findings and Conclusion: Thinking styles in predicting value and emotional orientations of individuals with regard to sharing and archiving digital documents are nomeaningful. Legislative, executive, autocratic styles can be predictive in deciding the historical valuing of the record. Legislative, executive, and introspective thinking styles also can predict the orientation for valuing personal legacy.

Purpose: To examine material the effect of microorganisms responsible for the biodegradation process of old paper. Method and Research Design: The effect of temperature (5– 40 ° C), water activity (aw; 0• 80-0. 99) on Munktel paper 393 (100% cellose) with pH values of 3 to 9 in 168 hour and their interactions with the temporal rates of germination and mycelial growth of three mycotoxigenic strains of Aspergillus niger(PTCC 5251), Alternaria alternate (PTCC: 5224) and Penicillium sp. (PTCC: 5224) in vitro was measured on historical papers. The aw of the media was controlled with glycerol. Findings and Conclusion: The most important factor influencing the growth of the above mentioned fungi is water activity, then temperature and finally pH. Therefore, the most effective way to prevent biodegradation of papers of art works is to reduce water activity in them. Reducing water activity along with temperature control and deacidification minimizes the process of biodegradation. C, aw: 0. 98 and, pH: 6. 5 for Alternaria alternate. C, aw: 0. 97 and, pH: 6. 5 for Asper-gillus niger and T: 25 C, aw: 0. 99, pH: 6 for Penicillium sp., T: 30 The optimum growth occurred at T: 25.