GANJINE-YE ASNAD
Year:2010 | Volume:20 | Issue:2 (78)|Papers Count:9

Throughout history, Iran has always been invaded by foreign countries such as Russia.Coincident with the entrance of Russian forces to Iran, and their opening of consulates in northern cities of Iran such as Rasht, Tabriz and Astarabad, the Russians expanded their range of influence in Iran. Russians exerted power in these regions and interfered in the internal affairs of cities. In fact, the real power was in their hands and they even sometimes chose the rulers of the cities themselves. Russians gradually started to seize the real estate and lands of the people. They bought or rented a large part of this real estate. Most of the valuable real estate of these regions was occupied by the Russians. Until the First World War, the Russian administration had special mechanisms for possessing the lands of these regions but after the 1917 Russian Revolution, these mechanisms stopped and the occupation of lands by the Russians was terminated. This article aims to study the patterns of Russian ownership and their buying and selling of lands in three cities i.e. Rasht, Tabriz and Astarabad from 1900 to 1921. The research uses a descriptive-analytic method and relies on library resources and some records to illuminate the different aspects of this issue.

After the death of Nader Shah and the wars over his succession in which his children, cousins and some of his commanders such as Karim Khan Zand, Azad Khan Afghan and Mohammad Hassan Khan Qajar were involved, the control of the central government over the Caucasus Region was reduced. The rulers of this region, observing the weakness of the government of Iran and aiming to protect their own interests, proclaimed independence and some were attracted to the newly-emerged power of north, Russia. During the reign of Zand Dynasty, except for the superficial declaration of allegiance by individuals such as Panah Khan Javanshir and Erekle – which was done solely because of the Zand army attacking Azerbaijan to confront Fat’h Ali Khan Afshar, no other efforts were made to revive Iranian control over the Caucasus region. One reason for this was that the Zand Khan was busy battling with other Naderi commanders and dealing with problems he was facing in the south of the country and therefore he did not feel ready to take any action in this regard. After the death of Karim Khan and the commencement of continual battles between the heads of the Zand tribe over his succession, the superficial dominance of Iran over this region practically ended.In this period, the Russians were successful in concluding the Georgiyevsk treaty in 1783 with Erekle II, king of Georgia, which made this country a protectorate of Russia.After signing this treaty in the final years of the Zand dynasty, the king of Georgia not only evaded the responsibility of paying taxes to Iran’s court but also paved the way for further interference of the Russians in other regions of Caucasus. This research, using a descriptive and analytic method based on library records, aims to illustrate the conditions of Caucasus during the ruling of the Zand khans over some parts of Iran and to answer the question: what position did the Caucasus region and especially the South Caucasus region have in the political disposition of Karim Khan and other khans of the Zand Dynasty.

Between the years 1907 and 1919 a rebellion was raised in the central region of Iran, with its center being in Kashan. The rebels were headed by Nayeb Hossein Kashi and his son Masha’allah Khan. The geographic region of this rebellion was from the south of Qom to Yazd and from Moorchekhort to around Tabas. There were a number of reasons for the outbreak and continuance of the Nayebian rebellion in this region. Local, national and international factors caused such a vast rebellion to form and continue for several years. This paper aims to explain these reasons. The local factors discussed in this article include: the natural conditions of the Kashan region, disputes and divisions among the people of Kashan, the tricks of the Nayebian, the rulers of Kashan and the non-functioning of local administrations of Kashan. The national factors include frequently changing cabinets, lack of an army, budget deficits and the organization of the finance ministry, the corruption of government staff, the corruption of forces sent from the central government to Kashan, and the fact that the government used Nayeb as a lever of power against constitutionalists. In addition, these international factors for the outbreak and continuance of the rebellion of the Nayebian are also discussed: the foreign policy of England toward Iran, the telegraph house of England in Kashan and its relation with the Nayebian, the First World War, and unemployment due to importing textiles from foreign countries.

This paper studies the visual features of newspapers of the Qajar Era and compares these features in two periods i.e. lithography and letterpress in order to understand the impact of the type of printing on the graphics of these works. In this regard, after reviewing the samples available in the National Library and the Encyclopedia Centre, 60 newspapers of the Qajar Era were chosen based on criteria such as duration of publication and also similarity to current styles in press graphics.Content analysis method was employed in this research in order to achieve reliable and repeatable results from selected plans. For this purpose, a questionnaire was designed to study different aspects of the newspapers such as: content, structure, images, writings, tables, lineation, direction and texture. The questionnaire data was analyzed using matrices. Finally, in addition to authorized recognition of early newspapers in Iran, it was concluded that the type of printing (lithography – letterpress) affected the graphics of the newspapers. After substituting linotype machines for lithography facilities, we observe less aesthetic and decorative elements; creative letter designs in titles, texts and epigraphs; texts written in different directions; and images. However, letterpress pages have better established and more regulated layouts in comparison to lithographs.

The aim of this research is to explain the method of arranging archival records and employing two principles i.e. “respect for provenance” and “maintaining the original order” in the National Archives of Iran. The research data were collected through interviews and using an analytic survey method. The research population includes staff of the Arrangement and Processing department of the National Archives of Iran, and embraces the instruction books compiled from 1971 to 1991 for the users. The research findings show that in the National Archives of Iran the “arrangement” task has been considered equal to “classifying” since the inauguration of the Archives up to the present, and the “respect for provenance” principle has been observed. Although arrangement and description experts have made efforts for “maintaining the original order”, there have yet been no efforts for maintaining the primary order in higher levels of arrangement and description. Finally, suggestions are made based on findings of the research.

The present paper discusses the management of electronic records and systems available in this field. It defines concepts such as records, governmental records etc. to facilitate the understanding of the issue. It is concluded that in the organization of electronic records, the fundamentals of record preservation must be considered as well as record management systems and large amounts of research must be carried out in this regard in order to choose the best method for machine cataloguing of archival resources.

In recent decades, social changes and changes related to technology have affected both the tasks of managers and the methods for development, functioning and relations inside and outside organizations. Accordingly, new factors have attracted attention in organizations and organizational theories and some old concepts have become more significant. Increasing the awareness about these facts and concepts and using them in organizations has an important effect on expediting organizational affairs. In this article, these new facts are referred to as “the basis for organizational success. Mention is made of some samples of these concepts and their effect and position in organizations, and especially in archives, is studied. Findings show that achieving organizational success in any organization, including archives, demands the manager and staff to learn and employ special skills such as: organizational culture, organizational learning, organizational relations etc.