ENERGY ECONOMICS REVIEW
Year:2014 | Volume:10 | Issue:40 |Papers Count:10

Due to the different climate in our country, different patterns of demand for electricity are discussed. Thus, in this research we estimate and compare this residential electricity demand function for both colder and warmer states with the national average In Warm regions 15 provinces and in cold regions 13 provinces have taken place. The criteria of these grouping was the average temperature of the total country in 1388. Province that the average temperature of them is higher than these average have taken place in Warm and the provinces that the average temperature is lower have taken place in cold provinces Duration of our study was the period between 1379-1388, and we have used the GMM method to estimate the model. This method is applied on an explicit function of energy demand in the utility function Our results show that the comparison between elasticity of residential demand for electricity power in the Warm region and the previous period of electricity power consumption, income, electricity prices, the average temperature in spring, summer, respectively are 0. 76, 0. 13,-0. 19-,-0. 26, 0. 47,-0. 19, 0. 08, and respectively in cold provinces are 0. 64, 0. 18,-0. 32,-0. 27, 0. 29,-0. 29, 0. 03 JEL classification: Q41, C33 Key word: residential demand for electricity, hot and cold provinces.

It is expected that fuel price increase for power plants would lead to higher electricity prices and lower electricity demand, especially in the long run. To quantify these effects we develop a system dynamics model for the electricity market in Iran consisting of demand, price and generation modules. The model is applied and simulated using the POWERSIM software. The results indicate that if current subsidized system of pricing for energy is maintained, electricity shortages of more than 300 terawatt hours will occur by 1400. However, price increases as stipulated by the recently enacted Subsidy Reform Law increases electricity prices and will bring the electricity market back into equilibrium. Finally, enforcing value added tax in the electricity market will result in an additional 5. 4% reduction in demand for electricity.

Major influence the crude oil price and the gold price on the world economy and its importance in economic growth and development, This study is to investigate the granger causality relationship between the crude oil price and the gold price by using monthly data over the period of 2000: 1-2012: 8. Time series analysis techniques have been used which include unit root test, BDS، Tsay and RESET test, Nonlinear Markov switching causality test. The finding indicate that the optimized of model to study MSIAH (3)-VAR(3) was selected. The results indicate that the model with consider to three different regimes, Unidirectional causality running from the crude oil price to the gold price in first regimes, While there exists bidirectional causality between the crude oil price and the gold price in second regimes, and there is not exists causality between the crude oil price and the gold price in third regimes. The empirical findings of this paper, The beneficial implications for investors and Policy makers needs to recognize the exact effects of relationship between the crude oil price and the gold price are provided.

Oil price change is one of the most important economic factors that impacts oil importing and exporting countries, with the real exchange rate as the link between global oil price changes and national economies. These indices crude oil prices and exchange rate and the relation among them have crucial role for every country, especially those that are directly dependent to the import and export of oil. This survey investigates the way real oil prices affects real exchange rate in oil exporting and importing countries, using panel data for the period 1993 to 2009, to compare the two groups of countries. The findings show that the relationship between real oil prices and real exchange rates are significant in both groups of countries.

Given dwindling fossil fuel resources and the rise of pollution caused by them, the use of solar cells is increasing day by day. One of the key points that affect the efficiency of solar panels is their placement angle. The aim of this study is to assess how use of remote sensing data can assist in optimizing the placement angle of solar panels relative to the level of the horizon. The study uses data available for the three provinces of Kerman, Yazd and Ardebil respectively as representative of the South, Central and Northern regions of the country. The results indicate that the optimal tilt angle of solar panels in Iran has always been less than the latitude of the location. The optimum angle of tilt in the South is ((0. 5 to 2. 5)-latitude), while it is ((1. 5 to 3) latitude)) in the central region and ((4 to 6)-latitude in the northern area. The results imply that if the tilt angle of solar panels in a photovoltaic power plant with an area of 5 square kilometers (With nearly 3 million Euro investments) is optimized there will be an annual saving of at least 11. 250 million Rails.

Energy is one of the most important factors that influences economic development in any Society. Inefficient use of energy causes economic and environmental problems. There is ample evidence of inefficient use of energy in Iran. The current study evaluates the role of public knowledge of the importance of efficient use of energy in reducing total demand as a non-monetary demand management tool. The investigation is based on fuzzy logic analysis. The study uses a novel approach for evaluating energy knowledge and awareness amongst residential consumers in Kerman. Analysis of 400 questionnaires (including six parts of energy knowledge) shows an average score of 38. 73 out of 100 for energy awareness. The lowest score relates to electricity consumption knowledge and the highest score is related to the awareness of pollution resulting from energy use.

Most countries whose economies depend on natural resources, particularly oil, in recent decades, economic performance have not accepted their place. Low economic growth, macroeconomic instability, budget deficit, a negative balance of trade, devaluation of the national currency, high inflation, rising unemployment, financial and administrative corruption, discrimination and injustice are characteristics of these countries. Iran has one of the country's oil-dependent economy, the uncertainty of oil prices and the results of other macroeconomic variables are important. In this study, we pay to the effect of oil price uncertainty on macroeconomic variables in the period 1368: 1 to 1388: 4 to calculate the uncertainty of the BEKK Multivariate Garch and then it's a simultaneous effect on GDP, inflation and the exchange rate index of Tehran Stock Exchange are examined. The results suggest that oil price uncertainty is negatively related to these four variables simultaneously and Increased uncertainty caused reduction in GDP, inflation, stock market indices and exchange rates.

In this Paper we analysis Energy structure for 10 most Energy intensive Sub sector Industries (With 4 Digit ISIC Code) of Manufacture of Other Non-Metallic Mineral Products (Code 26) and Manufacture of Basic Metals (Code 27) during the period 1382-86. We employed Aggregate Translog Function to investigate extent of inter-fuel substitution between Bought Electricity, Produced Electricity, Natural Gas and Gasoline. With Panel Data, We use ISUR Method to estimate efficient Parameter in Equation System. Inter-fuel share evaluations indicate that 4 main Energy type have 87 percentage share of Energy cost (at mean of Data) and Bought Electricity with 60 Percentage share of Energy cost, have biggest Share among other Energy sources. Inter-fuel Cross price elasticity estimate (at mean of Data) shows that 4 main Energy types are substitute with each other. Inter-fuel Morishima elasticity results (at mean of Data) shows that biggest extent of positive and negative elasticity are relate to Bought Electricity-Produced Electricity and Natural Gas-Produced Electricity relations.

This paper reviews the factors that have led to delays in gas company projects in East Azerbaijan. The study uses questionnaires to collect information from 76 key respondents including senior and middle managers, contractors and monitoring officers linked with the gas company of East Azerbaijan Province. We use Kolmogorov-Smirnov one-sample to test data normality, the t test to investigate the 13 different hypotheses initially formulated and the Friedman test to prioritize amongst them. The following factors are shown to account for the delays experienced: 1) insufficient allowance for rising costs 2) lack of timely supply of funds 3) lack of strong employer support and effective delineation of lines of authority for dealing with problems 4) lack of timely issuance of drilling permits 5) delays in delivery of goods 6) The physical conditions of project sites 7) local cultural conditions and 8) risk management.