EGHTESAD-E ISLAMI
Year:2010 | Volume:9 | Issue:35|Papers Count:8

Keeping in view that the downsizing of the government is one of the current economic discussions of the country, it is necessary that by differentiating between the authoritative and incumbency roles of the government, the status and importance of the government in economic matters and its influence on improvement of the income distribution system, from the view of Islamic Economics, be thoroughly studied.The hypothesis of this research is that an Islamic government has an effective role in the improvement of income distribution, and fulfillment of authoritative responsibilities in the economic issues is one of the important aspects of this role.The results of this research reflect that considering the role of an Islamic government in the pre-production distribution, functional distribution, redistribution and organizing the qualitative distribution, it can be expressed that enlargement of the government size with respect to authority and policy-making power, and reduction of its size with respect to managing the firms and direct control of economic issues, in order to strengthen the competitive environment, will result in improvement of the functional distribution and quantitative distribution of income in the Islamic society.

The role of effective governments and institutions in equitable development and progress is undeniable. In the decade of equitable progress, the Islamic System of Iran, in order to achieve such a progress must rely on a committed, religious, tactful and effective government.Religious governance is one of the most important responsibilities in order to “create a Progressive and Justice-Oriented Islamic country”. Determination of the responsibilities of an Islamic government in the areas of providing religious identity, progress based on Islam, and focusing justice, provides a correct picture of governance based on religion.This research which aims at answering such a need, in gathering the librarybased information and Quranic, traditional [hadith-ic] and jurisprudential conclusions uses textual analysis, and in the economic discussions acts upon the analytical method. The main problem that this article discusses is the exploration of responsibilities of a religious government on the levels of providing identification, progress and justice. It portrays the macro responsibilities of a religious government in the areas of governance, legislation, planning, supervision, investment etc. The government officials and the planners of the country can expediently identify the position of these issues in the three levels of providing identification, progressive, and pivotal status of justice; can become aware of their responsibilities, avoid the overlapping of matters and increase their own effectiveness.

Conventional banking, answers all consumptive needs of the households, and investment needs of the economic firms, through provisions of interest based facilities, without considering the kind of need the applicant needs the loan for.Whereas the Islamic banking has a separate instrument for each kind of need, on the basis of which the provision of facility takes place, and the real advantage of Islamic banking lies in this very aspect.Islamic banks, with an experience of over forty years have shown that all the demands can be answered through the profit based and non-profit based contracts authorized by Islam. This article strives that through an analyticdescriptive method and a financial structuring technique, benefiting from the Islamic banking experience and Imamiya jurisprudence and the popular Sunni jurisprudence, it can prove this hypothesis that: “By categorizing the Islamic contracts, needs of the applicants and the types of banks, a most legal, comprehensive and efficient model of offering facilities in Islamic banks can be designed.” Proving such a hypothesis will help in standardization of facility granting methods in Islamic banking.

Considering that ‘Riba’ and interest has been prohibited in Islam, Muslim experts try to present contracts compatible with ‘shar’ei’ [jurisprudential] principles as substitutes for interest based transactions. One of such contracts, which has been suggested based on the partnership contract, is the “Declining-Balance Partnership.” This contract, on one hand can fulfill the aims of the depositors and on the other, can satisfy the goals of the economic agents. This contract can be used to construct and purchase a variety of projects and assets specially housing. The simplest form of this contract is that two persons through a partnership contract invest in a property and stipulate in the contract that within a specified period, one of the parties would sell his share to the other. The partners can agree on the selling price prevailing at the time of the contract, or they can agree on the current market price prevailing on the transfer date. The peculiarities and advantages of Declining-Balance Partnership in comparison with other contracts such as Hire Purchase and Installment Sale, and the capability of designing a financial instrument, have resulted in the popularity of this contract.Similarly it also helps in the equitable distribution of income; one of the goals of the Islamic economic system. This article which has an analytic and exploring essence, strives to analyze jurisprudentially and design an operational banking model and financial papers based on Declining-Balance Partnership, based on Imamiya [Shia] jurisprudence. During the course, the objections already raised or, which can possibly be raised regarding the said contract, will also be answered.

In the beginning this article deals with the effect of interest-free banking laws on structure of the country’s demand function for money in Iran. Subsequently it studies the stability of coefficients of the demand function for money. In this article the limited and broad definitions of ‘money’ I.e. m1 and m2 will be used. The models have been derived by using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) models. The results show that the implementation of this law [in Iran] has affected the coefficient of exchange rate in the demand function. However it has had no effect on coefficients of inflation and gross domestic product variables. Moreover, it has also affected the y-intercept and, subsequently, the structure of m1 demand function. In order to analyze the stability of parameters of the demand function erogeneity and super erogeneity tests have been used. The results of these tests show that the demand function for is more stable than that for. This result has special importance for the authorities making monetary policy.

These days our country is facing fundamental difficulties regarding, the production structures, management of energy consumption and an equitable distribution of subsidies. In Iran production has been founded on cheap (almost free) energy, and for this very reason the productivity of energy is very low. Similarly, the dependence of the country on energies derived from oil and gas, which are non-renewable, will make us face the danger of an impasse in near future. At the same time the distribution of subsidies is also extremely unfair. [Therefore] To improve the production structures in the country, optimum management of energy consumption and equitable distribution of subsidies, targeting the subsidies using the most adequate methods, appears to be necessary.This applied research, using the survey research technique, to gather information and data, and also the library research techniques and interviewing the experts, tries to analyze and evaluate the risk of changing the current method of payment of subsidies and converting them to cash.We also present a more effective general plan in order to avoid the probable risks that this scheme could carry for the economy, and put forward the commitments required for the application of this plan.

One of the expense-types incurred by Muslims, are those incurred for nearness to Allah. In this article, while theoretically studying the factors influencing it, along with the collection of related information in the family budgets for various income deciles of urban households, during the time period 1361-84, with the “Panel Data” technique, we strive to study the manner of influence of these factors and while determining the coefficient of each factor, calculate the income elasticity. The required study is achieved through “Random Effect” model and shows that the income of households, the household dimension and the imposed war has had a positive, and inflation, a negative effect on religion oriented payments. During war the dependent of religious payments has been shifted upwards. Similarly the income elasticity of these payments, in different deciles had a rising trend, and for the upper three income classes was more than the unit.