Journal of Kavoshnameh in Persian Language and Literature
Year:2005 | Volume:6 | Issue:10 (LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE)|Papers Count:9

The Victorian Age is Paradoxical in England. On the one hand, it is the age of skepticism and pessimism. On the other hand, it is the period of prosperity and optimism. The philosophy of utilitarianism makes a good manifestation of this paradox. And Charles Dickens is pessimistic about utilitarianism, for he believes it is abused in the Victorian England.To see how Dickens illustrates abused utilitarianism, this article examines Hard Times, a novel that is, as Ronald Carter and John Mcrae (2002) assert, "in many fields the most accessible critique of the society he [Dickens] lived in (Carter + Mcrae: 253). It will discuss the educational, social, and economic aspects of utilitarianism as exemplified in the novel. For each aspect it will deliver some manifestations. Regarding the educational system, the focus is on the ideas that Dickens' society is deeply negligent of the logic of the heart, and that the people are denied individuality. Regarding the social aspect the focus is on the ideas of law corruption and individual alienation. And regarding the economic aspect, the ideas of widespread poverty and irresponsibility of the rich to the poor are highlighted.

This study considers the implication of “Night” in two periods: pre Islamic and Islamic period. So to study the meaning and implication of “Night” in pre Islamic period, we considered the poem of poets of this period, as the only written documents of Ignorance period. To consider its meaning in Islamic period, we referred to some verses of holy Koran as the strongest text. At the end, a short analyzing about meaning of “Night” in these two periods, have been done.

The Divan of Shams reflects the raging ocean and constantly changing personality of Molana, a vaiuable source which shows the inner layer of his conscience from psychoanalytic point of view. The rising and rhythmic Meters of his poems are indicative of profound and amazing revolution whitin him and of a new birth. Having passed the Stays of change and attaining the stay of fixity and returning the stay of sobriety, he achieves peace and rest, artistically reflecting the beautiful image of his profound serenity in the Mathnavi. This article deals with the relation between and psychology, as well as poetry, and the preponderance of unconsciousness over Molavi and its consequences.

Manifestation of sky myth in Persian verse:The archetypal approach of Persian verse is among concepts which have been treated less than anything else. The myth which in the opinion of professor jung, have an active presence in the unconscious depth of man have a much effective role in literature and poetry, and if we don’t accept the exaggerating belief of Northrope Frye to the effect of identifying the my the with poem, by a cursory glimbse in the view of prior poets, we shall see movement and evolution of words by borrowing mythological believes.This article aims to show the fact that the myth is the principal theme of images in Persian verse and the poet, who is the heir of transcendent ideas of the man in regeneration of his archetypal makes new and fresh images.

It is not possible to fully understand a literary work without studding the socio – cultural circumstances in which the author lived and flourished. Any sociological research in this regard may therefore be of some help.As for literature, it is “the reflection of social state of affairs” (Theory of literature, p.loo), an objective mirror image of the society indeed. One may come to a true picture of life in the past by putting together the corresponding sociological finding. Unfortunately, the sociological implication of literature has not been taken seriously yet.This article aims at the contribution of Sanai Ghaznavi’s poetry to socio – cultural studies. It pinpoints and analyzes the most significant issues to sociological value reflected in his poems.

According to some very short reports on Akhi Faradg Zanjani’s banefactory manners, he was a stingy and prejudiced hermet who favored people as much as their religious faith. For instance, he once humiliated an uninvited non-Muslim guest so harshly in a charity party. This is semantically in contrast with his adopted title “Akhi” which categorizes him as a generous man who believes hard in hospitality and forgiveness. The paradoxes in his character may be accented for in two ways. First, the reports about his character might be false. Second, the literature reporting on “Abu- al- Faradg” rather than “Akhi Faradg” might be of truth.

Befor zoroaster, Arians worshiped numerous gods. Some of those gods namly “Div”s were common between Indians and Iranians. Upon parting from Indians, Iranians began to view the “Div”s as devils. Zoroastrians belive in seven “Div”s versus seven “Emshaspandan”. The devil created six “Div” s whits whom to fight “Ahura Mazda”. The first “Div” is called “Akoumneh” which means malicious. It was postulated against “Vahomneh” or “Bahman”. To some researchers, “Akoumneh” is the same as “Akwan” the devil that was fought and killd by “Rostam” as reported in Ferdousi’s epic, “Shahnameh”.This article does not deal whit “Div” from a mystic point of view because the subject calls for some larger- scope research.

In this paper, the researcher aimed at, first, presenting a nice, brief, and comprehensive classification of the Persian prepositions and their English equivalents, and second, at determining Iranian university students’ degree of mastery in finding proper equivalents when they try to translate the Persian prepositions into English. To achieve this goal, a researcher-made handout consisting of 8 Persian sentences was given to 45 MS and MA level students at Tarbiat Modarres University in which they were asked to translate the Persian sentences to English. The results of this study demonstrated that most of Iranian students face many problems in this challenge and show many weak points. In fact, they committed errors as: ungrammatical deletion of English prepositions, unnecessary addition of English prepositions, and the wrong interchanging of English prepositions. Finally, the raw data obtained from the handouts were analyzed using SPSS11 via the statistics of frequency, percent, and odd ratio.