JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES
Year:2007 | Volume:40 | Issue:2 (157)|Papers Count:14

The defeat of Russian army in 1904 by the Japanese army and the occurrence of the first revolution in Russia in 1905, accelerated the revolutionary movements in Iran and in Transoxania. The literature of this period was directly influenced by the cultural changes of the first revolution in Russia, the Constitutional Revolution of Iran (1906) and the Constitutional Revolution of Ottoman (1908).The literature of this period in Transoxania was known as "modem literature" and lasted from 1905 to 1917. This article studies the influence of literary heritage of Constitutional Revolution of Iran on the literary events in Transoxania, based on the literary heritage of Persian speakers of this area and presents it in three areas as follows:1-The common historical and mental backgrounds in Iran and Transoxania.2- The study of the influence of Iranian newspapers in the advancement of the revolutionary aims in T ransoxania.3- The study of the critical literature of Constitutional Revolution of Iran in the foundation of modem Persian literature in Transoxania.

The crisis of pollution of environment and the destruction of natural resources is one of the most serious challenges that human beings have ever faced.Accordingly, in almost all branches of knowledge, several approaches have been presented in an attempt to help solving the problem. "Echo-linguistics" (the study of language and ecology), is a somewhat new branch of linguistics that has been emerged out of such ecological concerns. Presupposing the inevitability of the relationship of language, thought and cognition, echo-linguists argue that most of the problems of the modem world, including the environmental crisis, are rooted in the structure of natural languages. In other words, the study of language structures and then language planning would pave the way for the change of man's view point towards the environment.Taking this theme into consideration, the "writer of this article, studies 'The “water's Footfall’’ a collection of poems 'Nritten by Sohrab Sepehri, an eminent contemporary Persian poet. The results prove that Sepehri explicitly follows the attitudes that are very close to the green ideology of echo-linguistics. His unique use of language to encode reality and the way he looks at the natural world is innovative in modem Persian language and can be a good example and the starting point for a green movement in this language.

Hooshang Golshiri is one of the most outstanding story-writers of the second generation of writers in Iran. His innovation in story-writing is mainly through reviving the usual techniques of classical narrative tradition and bringing them together with the modem Ones. For Originating this new style in fiction, Golshiri mingled a number of classical and modem techniques, allegorical and scattered stories taken from The Holy Koran, Avesta, religious and mystic stories with those of modem literary techniques.

Scientific approach to different Phenomena, has opened its way in the modem world. This kind of approach has also entered the world of literature and criticism. The archetypal criticism is a minor branch of psychological criticism and can be a good criterion for analysis of literary texts. The writer of this paper has first introduced the characteristics of one of the most important known archetypes called Mother Archetype. It’s forming process and its influences on human beings are also presented. Then at the end of the article, the writer presents the influences and the different symbols of this archetype in the poetical language of Sohrab Sepehri.

Blank verse has a special structure. Although the structuralist theoreticians have proposed various theories for the critical analysis of blank verses, but a complete and applicable pattern is not available. In this way, this article aims to propose a structural applicable pattern for analysis of blank verses based on the patterns of Persian literature. To do this, blank verses are studied from the two angles of formal and semantic structures. In the area of formal structure, phonemes, sounds, silences, rhymes and rhythms are considered. Symbols, myths, Ironies and metaphors are considered in the area of semantic structure. At the end of the article, a poem by Shamloo is analyzed based on the above mentioned pattern.

The difference between modem Persian literature and classical Persian literature can be traced from new concepts that entered in modem Persian literature. Concepts and ideas such as modernity, nationality and nationalism, women and their primary rights, modem education, struggle against superstition, right beliefs and freedom. The writer of this article attempts to prove that freedom and democracy in the poetry of constitutionalists, which is synonymous to Western freedom and democracy, has no considerable place comparing to other concepts ill the literature of this era.The frequency of the concept of freedom that is expressed by the poets of this period in the few lines of their poetry is not only less but also is in many cases different with the principles of democracy. Freedom proves not to be the main concern of the poets and poetry of this period and it is seldom found in the poetry of Farrokhi Yazdi who is considered as the greatest freedom-loving poet of this era. His poetry lacks that concept of freedom we find in the west. Furthermore, there are great differences in the concept of freedom among poets like Farrokhi, Lahooti and Eshghi Comparing to that of Malek Al- Sho'araaye Bahaar and 'Aref Ghazvini. Although the concept of freedom that is synonymous to the freedom of speech, writing and thought is seen in the poetry of this era, it is only Bahaar who uses the word and the concept of freedom as we find in western concept, and other poets of the era use it differently.

Nazik Al-Malaika, an Iraqi contemporary poetess, was born in Baghdad in 1923. She was interested in literature, especially poetry, since her childhood. She gained valuable experiences through writing popular and eloquent poetry. Her serious presence in the world of literature and poetry dates back to 1940s. Since then, we can see her recurrent and different experiences in the area of poetry. The poetess personal characteristics and literary talent, along with particular events in her life-time, such as political events and social problems have made her to pay close attention to particular subjects in her poetry. This paper tries to study and analyze the major themes of Nazik Al-Malaika's poetry. Some of these themes are sorrow, political problems of her life, social problems, love, man and life, death, happiness, ideal world, nostalgia and time. The writer of this article also implies that these subjects are among the most important subject of this poetess.

The analysis of historical and mythical personality of Jesus has entered a new phase after the Renaissance. This new look and approach has also entered into literature, civilization and science. Two important literary works written by contemporary authors namely, The lost Temptation of Chris by the Greek author, Nikos Kazantzakis (1873-1957) and Jesus, the Son of Man by the Lebanese author, Jibran Khalil Jibran are examples of the works which have tried to show different pictures of the personality of this great prophet. The writers of this article first begin by an introduction about the change in approaches to Christ and then present a comparative study of the two works mentioned earlier.

Jibran Khalil Jibran (1883-1931) is one of the well-known Arab poets and writers with a romantic and a mystic approach. Critics are of different opinions about his approach towards man and society. The question is whether he is a pragmatic Sufi or he has just a kind of personal mystic mind. The writers of this article have chosen Eram Zaat Al-Imaod, a play written by Jibran Khalil Jibran, for their study; since this play represents his climax of Sufism.One of the characters named Najib Rahma, is seeking the city of God, the sacred city and the city of spiritual dreams, where no one is allowed to enter but the man of truth. In this play, Jibran tries to present an imaginary world with more idealistic aspects compared to the real world. It is only accessible through meditation and knowledge. Amena Al-Alaviah another character of the play is the symbol of a leader who shows the path and gives the torch to Jibran to attain spiritual perfection.Zayn Al-Abedin the Shiite Gnostic and an Iranian Dervish plays the role of a mediator. Pantheism, unity of religions and etemality of soul are among Jibran's ideas that are introduced by Amena. At the end of the article, it is clarified that Jibran's mysticism is a kind of personal one with a Gnostic or theosophist one. He tries to present his mystic thoughts and tendency by creating a metaphysical circumstance and also by using symbols in a dialogue manner.

A literary movement happened in the Eastern parts of Arab world in the late 19th century. This literary movement occurred when there was a close contact between Western literature and Arabic literature; and in this way Arab men of letters were acquainted with Western literature and literary schools. Shortly after this movement, another movement of the same kind began in the Western parts of Arab world, especially in Algeria. This new development in literature brought about numerous scientific and cultural centers in Algeria and also paved the way for new forms of poetry and literary criticism. In the light of this new literary movement, Algerian poetry underwent considerable changes. Initially influenced by the school of "Revival of the Past in the East Arab world," this movement took up a traditional flavor. Later, the impact of Immigration Literature and Apollo School, gave it a romantic orientation. Later on, those who sought to release the poetry from the shackles of rhyme and rhythm, managed to devise the blank verse, but it had to modify for a period of twenty years, before it could be recognized as a new poetic genre.

The special function of language separates literary texts from non-literary texts. Each poet has his own special language that distinguishes him from other poets. In discourse analysis of poetry, one should recognize the characteristics of this poetic language to have a correct analysis of a poet's thoughts, ideas and experiences. The most important feature in the poetic language of Ahmad Matar is his special use of language. In his ironic language, he uses simple words without any ambiguity and complication. His language is the presentation of the poet's own experiences that are expressed in free verse.