JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES
Year:2004 | Volume:36 | Issue:4|Papers Count:16

Ghamoos, meaning "sea", is Majd 01Din Firooz Abadis most prominent work in Arabic literature. It is a well-known and much debated book in scientific and academic circles, and enjoys a higher status than other dictionaries. With its depth of content and attention to detail, it resembles a spring of water that draws everyone. These qualities inspired the author to study the following elements: 1. the mystery of the Arabic words and structures used in it 2. a critical analysis of the book 3. comparing Ghamoos with other dictionaries 4. Ghamoos and adaptation from other sources The present article deals with the first part (A and B), and the next 2 parts will be presented in another article.

Color is not only a natural phenomenon, but also a linguistic, aesthetic and psychological one. Studying its significance and the ways in which it can be used play an important role in the study of language and literature. Color has had different manifestations in Persian nomenclature and old and contemporary Persian literature. In poetical language, colors have had various semantic and even grammatical functions. Figurative use of colors has caused many original descriptive constructions to emerge. Symbolic meamng, synonYmY, antonymy, homonYmY and connotative meaning are other important considerations in the study of this linguisticphenomenon.

Every literary work is composed, read and understood in a communicative process and exists as a cultural phenomenon. No text can probably be found in Persian literature with as much sensitivity to communication and its problems as the Masnavi, some part of which even have a metacommunicative function. The constituent components of any act of verbal cOIIll11unicationare: addresser, message, addressee, context, contact, and code. These six elements have the following functions respectively: emotive, poetic, conative, referential, phatic and metalingual. In any communication event, one function is dominant over the others. In Rumis Masnavi, which is a didactic work of literature, the referential and conative functions are dominant. Since the Masnavi is a narrative text, there are two communication schemes in its texts in addition to the scheme "author-text-reader". One is the relation existing between the narrator and the reader, and the other is the relation between the characters who are engaged in intercourse and social interaction.

A number of Muslim sages and scholars such as Avicenna, Imam Muhammad Qazali, Suhrawardy, Sanai, Khaghani, Attar, and Rumi, have compiled Risa/at a/-tayrs (The Epistle of the Bird) and Mantiq a/-tayrs (The Language of the Bird) by adaptation from the Koranic parable The Hoopoe and Solomon. In this paper, the above works are initially introduced and surveyed and later, Rumis Mathnavi has been designated S%monic Mantiq a/-tayr, since many lofty mystic concepts in this work are related by birds and the S%monic Mantiq a/-tayr is indeed the words of the true mystic and disciple.

Mahmood Dowlat Abadi is the greatest prose writer of Post-Revolution Iran. He achieved a rich and elegant prose by combining the possibilities of different literary genres and dialects of Persian in the past and present, such as the plain prose of the Samanid era, the possibilities of ancient literary and poetical language, extracts from contemporary literary language, selections from the dialect spoken in Khorassan and his own linguistic innovations. In Kalidar, he concurrently illustrates the three historical periods: 1. pastoralism and nomadism 2. agriculture and feudalism, and 3. urbanism and capitalism. Thus, he highlights the simultaneous existence of these periods, which he describes as "the passed life of the aged", depicts the resistance of traditional systems against the law of change and evolution, and portrays the means of livelihood, thought and culture governing these systems (of which language is a constituting part) in a romantic, epical, emotional and gloomy atmosphere.

This article aims to analyze the novel "the Symphony of the Dead" by Abbas Maroofi Sabet, and prove that it has been composed in a stream of consciousness style, and that it deals with the unconscious layer of peoples thought prior to speech, which at first sight makes it seem ambiguous, disorderly in incidents and chaotic in time, place and grammatical rules. Using internal soliloquy, the first person narrative, and the full omniscient point of view, the author portrays different layers of the characters unconscious mind and internal life. Like the novel, the article ends in a stream of consciousness fashion.

In this article two papers published in the Journal of the Faculty of Letters and Humanities, entitled "sentence structure and basic sentence" and "word order is not fixed in Persian" have been analyzed. Such terms as basic sentence, sentence structure, simple and compound sentence, syntax, and semantics have been dealt with and it is concluded that word order is both fixed and changing in the Persian language.

The sky is at the peart of Iranian mythology. Its formation, color and different layers, the constellations, etc. have all been manifested in it in one way or another. In this article, the symbolic manifestation of the creation of the sky has been analyzed in some Persian myths, namely the myth of the oval shape of the sky, the myth of its mirror-like nature, and the myth that considers water the origin of the sky.

Machine translation has a wide range of applications in the expansion of science and plays a crucial role as an interdisciplinary field in interconnecting science and technology.In this article, a historical survey of machine translation is presented together with some of its major strengths and weaknesses. Next, different methods of machine translation have been dealt with and the functions of language components in such systems are analyzed. Also, some systems are introduced in order to familiarize the reader with structural analysis software, and finally, semantics has been highlighted as a particularly important area in sophisticating the analysis of the language of origin, and as the major factor in improving the performance of systems of machine translation.

This article looks at word and idiom, their relationship and the key factors in the emergence of idioms. Next, dictionary, lexicon and thesaurus are compared, classified and historically surveyed. Finally, the characteristics of technical dictionaries in terms of the way they furnish information are discussed.

Polysemy is one of the main areas of logic and fundamental dogmas, and also one which is indirectly dealt with in the figurative use of language (irony and allusion), ambiguity, philology, and semantics. Since Koranic sciences draw on different disciplines, scholars studying these sciences have borrowed the concept of polysemy and applied it to the verses of the Koran. It seems that this borrowing presupposes the fact that polysemy in the Koran is an instance of polysemy in the Arabic language, and that it is closely related to it, and also that the differing views toward one are applicable to those toward the other..

Lexicography has its roots in the human civilization. Iranians, Assyrians, and the Chinese have had this tradition. The main reason for its emergence was the need to protect the language from extinction. However, lexicography has had a religious aspect among Arab nations. The origin of lexicography among these nations goes back to the short treatises that dealt with the creation of humankind, plants and tree:s. The founJers of this tradition mostly used an oral method and collected their data from dwellers of deserts. This method gradually became systematized and developed into two main schools, i.e. functional and literal. It even assumed the names of its major users, and was divided into the school of Kha!il, the school of Abu Obeid, the school of Johari, and the school of Barmaki. This article presents a historical survey of this process together with a methodological criticism of the dictionaries composed.

Since the Koran is in Arabic, the interpretation of the verses is mainly based upon the meaning of single lexical items. In Ai Mizan Fi Tafsir ui Quran, Allameh Tabatabaee focuses on the meaning of individual words, but unlike the literal method adopted by some exegetes, he does not look for evidence in Arabic poetry. Rather, he focuses on context, register and evidence found elsewhere in the Koran. In this article, his method of interpreting the lexical items of the Koran has been examined based on the research done on Al Mizan

Pre-Islamic poetry was syllabic for a long time, until 150 years before the advent of Islam when it gradually and naturally evolved into prosodic poetry. Arabic poetry has undergone a long course of evolution in the case of rhyme as well. The extent of this developmentwas much higher than that of the prosodic change, which is evident in the rhymed syllabic poems remaining from that period, the most important of which is the Moalagha written by the renowned Bedouin poet, Obeid Ibn Abras. After the change from syllabic to prosodic poetry, syllabic poems could not resist the trend . toward prosodic poetry and were extinguished.