Political Quarterly
Year:2008 | Volume:38 | Issue:1|Papers Count:16

Technological innovation, because of it's curtail role in socio-economic development is one of the important aspects of governmental policies. In this article technological innovation is studied by an institutional approach. Public policy by applying this approach could use norms, regulations and other institutional measures to improve innovations and technological policy. More specifically in this article we elaborate this hypothesis: technological innovation depend on coordination and collaboration of regulations, norms, enterprises interactions, training and government policy.

The purpose of this research is to understand the position of conflict resolution in international system. It can be said that, conflict resolution has formed after the Second World War in three stages: foundations, constructions, reconstructions. Conflict resolution has effective role in recognition of the routs and causes of formation of military conflicts and establishing peace in national, regional, and international levels. In the recent two decades, as a result of evaluation methods of conflict resolution, the culture of peace has put forwarded by international authorities and peace researchers. Creation of sustainable peace is required appropriate construction for peace culture and developing of social and political institutions, education in societies from the low level for changing violence to peaceful behavior. These modifications should penetrate in political- social structure in order to achieve sustainable peace.

Pre-emptive operations doctrin a with purpose of regime change and under the banner of "fight against terrorisim" was put under Washington agenda after the sep11, 2001 tragedy and initiated with Afghanestan Attach. Premature victory and fall of Taleban which faced significant positive reactions all around the world, consequesly caused US invasion against Iraq unilaterally with symbolic coalition under slogan of "Democracy Building" even without UN permition. But after while, Iraq scene realities, and geopolitik ambiguities, negative reactions of other actors made regional and global spatial transformation in a way that US's imperial mirage policy process shifted to a multilateral policy. Today, in spite of passing 5 years from Iraq invasion and suffering unexpected losses, President Bushe's doctrine,s and all alternative ways shows lack of expected desirable ideals in the process of "State & Security Building" and ends to intensification of security crisis in Iraq and whole region. The purpose of this paper is to explore this trend and seems that constractive interactions policy between Iran and US is the best strategy and the way out of this stalemate and to stablish constant security & stability in Iraq as well as region, but the formation and fulfill of this reality is far beyond expectation due to the innateness of dominating in nature of US, s empire system.

Economic globalization has been formed through last five centries, during which more developed counties in attempt 5 gain profits, influence and more economic lejemony dominated some states and developed their trade, economic and productive activifies. In recent years due 5 technological progress and specially liberalization polies through the world, there has been more progress everywhere. Globalization, from the beginning, have conflicted national autlook and the national governments have seen that a threat 5 their soveriegnty. But it seams that the contemporary globalization trend is a factor in reduction of poverty phenomenon, and it has helped to some countries to be came more developed. Meanwhile there are some concerns also.

Political Legitimacy (Legitimation - Legitimization) is an important phenomenon and fact. Therefore questions about resources Origin authority basis standards of Political Legitimacy are basic and permanent questions. Good Question is half of answer. Therefore there are important questions about Political Legitimacy in all societies in the world wide (worldly/globality) and along the history. These questions are in face of all political schools, trends and thinkers. This paper and essay inquire into these questions about aspects or cases of Political Legitimacy and analyse and answers to those. Philosophical and teological aspects of Political Legitimacy are about existence or necessity and why and what about it. Legal or lawfully and political sociology or political science and policy making of P.L. are also important.

In Islam, as in many other civilizations, religious texts / principles define and set human behavior. Religion and religious ideas have great importance in understanding the nature of war and military ethics in the Islamic world. In Islamic Jurisprudence, war is equal to "Jihad" which is one of the ten secondary rules of Islam. Therefore, it is one of the main chapters / topics of the Islamic Jurisprudence. This article aims to analyse the interpretation of Jihad and military ethics in Shiite Islam with reference to the Islamic texts that deal with Jihad from the Shiite perspective. Any proper study of concept of Jihad in Shiite Islam shall be based on two principles: a. Differentiating the classic and new interpretations of Jihad in Islamic jurisprudence. b. Understanding the basic difference in concept of Jihad between the Shiite and Sonnies. Since these two Issues are so essential, without a proper understanding of the concept of Jihad in Shiite Islam, a through understanding of the issue of Jihad would not be possible.

Based on the epistemological theory of Islamic reformism which is an important school of thought in the Muslim world, in order to gain or construct an authentic knowledge, the interaction between reason and religion is a necessity. This theory faces with two main theoretical challenges. The first challenge is the position of Modernists toward this theory. They argue that this theory is in contradiction with free thinking. And the second challenge comes from the viewpoint of traditionalists. From their point of view this theory violates the necessity of absolute obedience from God. This paper tries to clarify the above mentioned situation by taking into consideration the Islamic reformists first hand resources regarding the subject. And the findings of this paper confirm the authenticity of Islamic reformists epistemological theory.

The emergence of the information age, as the result of the miraculous advances in information and communication technology, has set off the ground for changes in all walks of human life. Diplomacy, a concept, as old as the history itself, and in close relations with the two principal elements, namely information and communication, has been influenced by the information age characteristics, much more than any other social domains. Connectivity amongst the most distant nations of the world, through electronic networks; facilitating the easy participation of new players in the world's affaires; interventions by communities or non-governmental organizations and institutions, regional as well as international, in their affairs, both internal and external; introduction of new terms and subjects such as "the global village"; "the global community citizenship rights"; "free and unbiased circulation of information"; "governance of the virtual and cyberspace"; "the prevalence of the e-trade" and billions of dollars of transactions, taking effect in minutes, without even the knowledge of the governments and the related organizations"; manifest the very trend indicating that the content, as well as the behavior of diplomacy is changing and, in cases, is in need of reinvention. It will not be exaggeration to suggest that diplomacy is being revolutionized; but unlike the other revolutions, quietly and in steps.

The US invasion against Iraq in 2003 can be regarded as one of the turning points in the evolution of International Relations as a discipline. Following the end of the Cold War, it was expected that a new world order would be built on the basis of a more important role for international institutions and more emphasis on multilateralism. The United States, however, resorted to war almost unilaterally and without the authorization of relevant international bodies. Furthermore, it presented a new strategic doctrine, that is, the doctrine of preemptive (and even preventive) war. Many countries as well as social groups opposed the US invasion. The main objective of this article is to explain these oppositions on the basis of international meaning structure. It is argued that the US action was widely regarded as a violation of the fundamental rules of the international society. In the first part of the article a conceptual framework based on the insights of the English School and Constructivism is developed to emphasize the significance of ideational and normative aspects of international life. The second part examines the Westphalian society of states, its most important constitutive and regulatory rules, and the ways in which these have been modified in the course of time. Then the war against Iraq is explained as a violation of principles, rules, and norms of the society of states. And the concluding part explains how the oppositions against the US invasion were an expression of dissatisfaction with any attempt to change the fundamentals of the existing system.

US foreign policy has been accompanied by paradigmatic and behavioral changes. Changes in the structure of international system cause paradigmatic changes. There is a special form of interaction among actors in every international system. In bipolar structure, America and the Soviet Union were controlling each other through the framework of "Realistic Balancing" . This pattern creates its own special behaviors. Among paradigmatic behaviors of this age one can point out policies such as: "Containment", "Deterrence" and "Strategic balance of power". After the cold war, US behavioral patterns changed. A part of these changes were caused by structural changes in the international system; that is, how power is distributed among actors encountered comprehensive and widespread changes. On the other hand, interaction and behavior of different actors, for instance, innovative act of US is completed as well. In the new Process, we can see creation of conceptual and structural frameworks in US foreign policy. New patterns have shaped. Among these patterns we can name international hegemonies, preemptive war, regime change policy, offensive public diplomacy and also expansion of militarism in pre-feial fields especially in Middle East. US regional politics depends highly on paradigmatic changes in foreign policy.

The role being played by bureaucracy in today's organizational style of life, is and has been a matter of study for prominent academic works, whether at the time it was put on the politico- Administrative science of the modern states by peerless works of Max Weber or when was a nameless manner in periods of the ancient great empires. This constant company of the Political systems, - Bureaucracy is by no means, a separate set from the former. In this article, we try to review the fundamental interactions conceived from the functions of these two concepts specially in developing countries.

Iran and Japan are two Asian countries which in confrontation with west superiorities started the reforms and modernization in the modern shape. The two countries reformist and modernistic elites found it necessary to be leved with the west in the fields of military, economy, training and so on the reforms and modernization. Japan reforms and modernization with restitution of power to the emperor in mid 19th Christian century (1868) was began. Japan elites, in other word, japan powerful forces with a unit aim, that is for achieving to development, for overcoming to the west superiorities were unit and could to reach to development and became equal with the west. But al though Iran reforms and modernization had begun sooner than in contemporary era through abbas mirza at the first of 19th century, with elits unanimity, in other word the powerful forces for achieving to development and overcoming in west superiorities, were not cooperated. The powerful forces for maintaining their benefists were not ready to cooperate with each other for promoting reforms and modernization.

This essay represents the change of Shiite's political discourse in 20th century. The outputs of research explain that Shiite has different political discourse after pass of the last Imam, which it differs from political Neutralism to political participation during 20th century. Therefore discourse of "Velayat Fageh" dominant one after the victory of Islamic revolution.

The Rise of Political Islam and Islamism in Muslim countries cause a pervasive & contestable controversy among western scholars. Today Islam has been identified with Activism, Radicalism, Fundamentalism, and etc. yet, there are many questions being propounded; such as, what is political Islam? Why Islamic movements acted against interest of the west? Why Islamism constructed against the west? There is no doubt that the rise of Islamism & Political Islam has produced a major global ideological shift that has manifested basically in more focus on and accommodation of the political legitimacy of the west , thus in the west focus has been instead on Islamic Threats to interests and lifestyles of the west. This article aim at outlining the ideas and processes that have been used to study Islam and to create major western images about Islam. The conclusion suggests a different frameworks for studying Islamic Movements and consequently, refining and correcting western images.

This review article presents a brief in reduction of The Revisionist Reformers and Stepfathers and points out some of the strengths of the book. The theoretical approach which the book is developed on is one of the strengths. How ever, there are some limitations such as: Lack of theoretical framework, use of wage methodology in explaining the subject, not applying a critical approach toward the current literature, not using all the authentic sources, weak editing of the book and not using a good framework for writing the references ant bibliography are the main weaknesses of the book which in turn decreased the validity of the findings and theoretical validity of the book?