Political Quarterly
Year:2007 | Volume:37 | Issue:2|Papers Count:7

Recommendations of International Organizations like as Word Bank insist of the necessity of clear procedure of budgeting to achieve "good governance". "Good governance" needs a series of administrative and political readiness.This article argues that the political pressure of officials in public. Administration could lead to ambiguity and unfair distribution of budget. Our unity of analysis is "Budget Agreement" between Management and Planning Organization of I.R. of Iran and Institution of Presidential Office.

The national development strategy is result of communal presumption among the elites. Internal coherence of the social relations and thoughts are manifested by it. Development needs the highest degrees of coordination and coherence. In Iran, various strategies including the import substitution and from 1988 forth the export promotion are declared by the government. Privatization and structural adjustment are among the newer programs. But considering "national strategy" whatever the government calls so is naively. In fact, before this one must examine whether modem sate-nation is formed in a given society. What are the effects of social cleavages from one hand and the gaps between state and society from another on the development strategy formulation? In this essay, I will try firstly to criticize state-centered theories and by showing their defections I will apply a more inclusive approach, Olin Wright's theory, which analyses multifaceted relations between state-society and social cleavages. In doing so I will not be mechanical but I will consider Iranian particularities.

Due to the prevalence of alien Arabized Greek and Western modernism, this scholar has risked to speculate upon a chronic political problematic, unfolded in terms of mobocratic emotionalism. In a preliminary attempt, this scholar has attempted to ponder on this problematic. Beyond this analytical attempt, this scholar has also attempted to speculate on a construct, assumed to represent the moral culture of Iran.

From view point of some shia jurisprudents in the absence of the immaculate Imam, nobody have the right to enforce the Islamic law like Hudud. This paper tries to explain that in the absence of immaculate Imam, if an illegitimate government took over the Islamic society, they had the same rights and duties of legitimate government. For instance, they should do their best to conduct Islamic law and they are allowed to collect the task and spend it in favour of society.

The US invasion against Iraq has been regarded as a turning point in the foreign policy of the United States as well as a salient event in international politics. It is argued that the invasion represents a shift in American foreign policy from a hegemonic to an imperial one. Although the US policy shift faced significant negative reactions all around the world, it was, at least for a while, celebrated inside the United States. The important question here is about the way in which such a shift became possible in US foreign policy making. This article discusses the constitution of this policy within an appropriate discursive context inside American polity as well as the US public. The main argument here is that the successful articulation of a few discourses provided the context for the possibility of such a shift. Liberalism, exceptionalism, and national security as the basic discourses constituting US identity and interests included elements the articulation of which could legitimize the change in foreign policy. What made Iraq as a 'legitimate' target of the new foreign policy was a securitization discourse that represented it as a rogue dangerous actor in world politics that would directly threaten the United States. It is concluded that despite the realization of the new foreign policy there are other discourses and sub-discourses in the US that may pave the way for resistance against its persistence.

The relationship between individuals and groups and nation is basically for meeting needs, deficiencies and shortages that they have naturally. In order to reach to this developmental goal and the realization of, and increasing, capacities, wealth, welfare, peace and coexistence, modern people and societies by means of reason and societies by means of reason and societies by means of reason and science and with specialized division of labor and free exchange of word and goods and productive completion and dialogue and negotiation and compromise at both national and international levels cooperate with each other, In fact, as this article seeks to explain it, the context of peace and mutual understand ding and dialogue and " dialogue and development" Compromise leads to development, but the context of war and violence and tension leads backwardness and decline.