LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS
Year:2007 | Volume:2 | Issue:2 (4)|Papers Count:14

This article is concerned with the analysis of the macro-structure of Rostam and Esfandiyar epic based on Labov and Waletsky (1976) model. It consists of ten small narrations which each one necessitates the other. This epic which includes an introduction (orientation), setting and resolution is applied to the model: The orientation consists of four narrations, the setting one main narration and the resolution has two ofthem. The epic general schema is compatible with the main parts of the model, yet there are some slight differences between them, including: having an abstract, the way and the place of evaluation, and having the coda which is not the same as the model's.It is also concluded that all the epic clauses represent two main model functions: referential and evaluative.

Persian attributive constructions are sentences including liking verbs:astan, budan, šodan, gaštan, gardidan.Considering some typological, syntactic, semantic, logical evidences and an evidence relying on first language acquisition process, the linking verbs do not play any canonical role in assigning the vabency of the construction. But, the contentives- nouns, adjectives and prepositional phrases preceding the linking verbs are considered as the pedicates.The writer of this paper believes that the attributive construction consists of one argument, so the valency of its predicate should be one. Finally, they are derived under predicate phrase node.Consequently, these kinds of predicates assign agentive or patientive q- role rather than essive to their arguments.

There is a variable of constraints imposed on word formation processes. The more constraints there are, the less productive the process. Some of the constraints are structural among which are morphological and syntactic ones. The morphological constraints are the morphological category of the base, the morphological structure of the base and the affix in the outmost layer of the base. The syntactic constraints include subcategorization frame and argument structure constraints.

This paper is an attempt to analyze the passive construction, based on Cognitive approach. In this respect, after introducing the theoretical concepts of this approach, authors try to compare it with Generative view. Within Generative framework, a formal and abstract relation is considered between passive and active constructions through the operation of transformational rules, yet from a Cognitive perspective such a direct relation between two mentioned constructions is refused, so considering basic concepts such as: figure, ground, construal, perspective and profile, a certain event can be reported in different ways with regards to conceptualization and the manner of cognitive process in the speaker's mind. It is concluded that, the Cognitive approach is effective in analyzing the passive construction in Persian. So, the speaker would select the subject as the topic in active sentence, or the object in passive ones.

Delvari phonological system includes 23 consonants and 9 vowels (6 simple vowels and 3 diphtongs) It has three syllables which have the cv(c) (c) forms. Voiced uvular stop IGI (of Standard Persian), appears as /k/, /x/, and /g/ sounds. The most important phonological processes are: A. Lenition: /f, v, b/> [W]; /d/ > /d/; /x/ > /h/ B .Fortion: /w/> /b/; /f/> /p/ in initial position of some pahlavi words C. Insertion of /t/ after final /š/ D. /r/> /L/ E. Deletion of final /n/ and /h/ F. Vowel alternations: /u/> /i/; /¯a/ > /u/; /a/ > /e/; /a, e/> /¯a/ G. Change of syllables /¯a b/, /ab/, /af/ into /ow/ as the result of two phonological processes of lenition and assimilation H. Resyllabification of human proper.

Noun Incorporation is one of the productive processes of word formation in Languages especially in Persian. This Process is based on incorporating a nominal head -No- (mainly internal argument) with a lexically verbal head -Vo- and its output is an intransitive incorporate verb. Satisfied with its argument structure, This output itself can act as a base stem for other derivations. Usually, there are two approaches in accounting for Noun Incorporation. One approach is based on a syntactic movement of a noun toward a verb and then their incorporation as Baker (1988) suggests. The other approach is morphological one which is on the basis of the selection of a noun stem and a verb stem from the lexicon, and then their compounding gives an intransitive incorporate verb, In this article, it has been clarified that morphological approach can account for this process better than syntactic one, because it can increase the degree of productivity and generality in word formation.

This article mainly aims at studying the functions of audio signs and discourse strategies in radio advertisements. In fact, we are going to know that for denotation and connotation meanings of these texts, which sonic techniques and facilities have been used.The results of 11 radio advertisements analysis show that in designing of these multilayer texts, different sonic layers such as speech, music and sound effects are used to pursue listener to purchase goods or use advertised services. Also discourse factors and persuasive function of language play main role in this process.

The growing importance of electronic tools for compiling, storing, and processing the linguistic data made us build a WordNet for Persian adjectives. This paper starts with a brief introduction on the history and general concepts of WordNet. To arrive at a semantic classification of Persian adjectives, we categorized Persian adjectives in 15 main classes and over 70 minor groups. Three Persian dictionaries and an electronic corpus have been employed for extracting the entries and identifying their semantic fields. Since WordNet is a kind of database, we have introduced some key notions and methodology of databases architecture.

This is an in-dept survey into a paper on Gilaki, found in Iranica Vol. 10, under the entry of GELAUN -Languages.In this survey attempts made to review the content of the paper, and at the same time to describe some grammatical aspects of Gilaki as it requires.The outcome indicates that the paper failed to duly describe some grammatical aspects of Gilaki. The description however, within the allocated space given to the term is of worth, deserving attention.

The present paper introduces forensic phonetics and some of its common applications. Forensic phonetics is the use of phonetics for legal purposes, and the extension of phonetic research to investigations relevant to legal situations. Some common applications of forensic phonetics are: speaker identification; dialect, accent and language identification; and transcription.

Languages express the outside world's meanings in different ways. For example the features of person, number, tense and aspect or case and gender are expressed differently in different languages. Another category is the meaning of animation which is rarely manifested in many languages. But this important feature has been expressed in a number of Iranian dialects, which is the subject of this article.

It seems that it’s possible to find some common rules and principles in the unitary system of the universe and then reach a holistic and comprehensive low.This article proposes that "the force of poem" is a physical force. At first, a definition of poem is presented and then by using the relationship between structural units of language, specially associative relations (mentioned by F.de sausure) and metaphoric pole (mentioned by R. Jackobson), the displacement of signified via the signification is explained. This displacing marks the word and turns it into metaphor. This happens by a force which can be named "The force of poem.