Journal of Economic Research
Year:2002 | Volume:- | Issue:59|Papers Count:11

The input-output framework is applied in this study to analyse the change, in the use of labor input. On the basis of input-output tables sectors of the economy are specified according to the degree of their interdependences. Backward and forward employment linkages can be calculated. The sectors then are classified according to their total (direct and indirect) employment linkages. Through application of the input-output model to the Iranian economy, it was found that the food industry had the largest indirect employment linkages in the years 1365 and 1370. In the study of the relationship between final demand components and the sectoral and occputional labor requirements, it was found that government consumer spending had the largest impact on total employment, as well as on the higher educated labor. One billion rials worth of expenditures on the government consumption generated 1000 and 427 jobs in 1365 and 1370, respectively which is more than the impact of an equal increases on either the private household comsumption, the private fixed capital formation or export. The employment of higher educated people was more dependent on government consumption than on any other components. In comparison the, domestic absorbtion had a larger impact on employment in Iranum economy than the export.

Because of the different nature of production functions in various sectors of the economy, and because of the gender segregation of the labor market, the impact of various sectors" growth on the job creation for women is not the same as for men. In this paper, by applying an Input-output approach, labor use cofficients are calculated for women on the basis of education and skills, both for private and public sectors of the economy. The results reveal that the privatization had a fovorable impact on women with high school diploma or lower, but had an adverse effect on higher educated women. Furthermor, the highest job creating sectors for uneducated, highschool and higher - educated women were textile, health and education respectively.

Despite the existence of vigorous theoretical basis for cooperatives little attention has been paid to it in Iran. At the same time, little use has been made of the quantitative models for analyzing the effects and impacts of cooprative activities in economic literature. In this study, followed by a review of literature on cooperaion theory, a simple quantitative model was examined. This model considers various behavior and equilibrium conditions for cooperatives. The model was simulated using the data and information of Iranian dairy industry. Results of this study showed that under cooperative activities the price of final product could he reduced, while the price of raw product, (i.e. inputs) could he raised. Therefore, the welfare of raw product producers and total payments to them were increased. The volume of production of final product and purchases of raw product were also increased as a result of cooperation. These results indicate that cooperatives can play a very significant and effective role in promoting the welfare and income of producers of raw products and consumers of final products.

This paper establishes new support for implementing outward oriented trade policies by relating industrial sector growth, trade policy orientation and export growth in 36 developing countries, including Iran using a logistic growth function. Based on this study the use of strongly outward oriented policies towards export is likly related to a faster growth of the share of industrial output in GDP as well as a greater growth rate of exports as compared with inward looking import substitution policies.

Steel industry is considered as one of the most important component of industrialization, and most of the developing countries wish to have prosperous steel plants. Despide possessing a good potential in energy, mineral and human resources, we do not yet enjoy a major share in the world steel trade. Based on favorable economic returns in steel industries, we would expect to profit from our comparative advantages. In this research we examine the/actors which reduce the production costs, and we try to identify the most suitable cost functions. Our model consists of translog cost functions, and show how the Esfahan steel mill could profit from the economies of scale. Through the "Iterative seemingly Unrelated Regrenions" , we observed that this plant may have considerable economies of scale.

Study of economic efficiency is of particular significance in evaluation of the public sector of the economy. There two alternative Critorias for the measurement of efficiency: namely Ratio Analysis, and Frontier Analysis. The first criteria takes the ratio of inputs as compared to the outputs. The second criteria, however, first attempts to stablish the product and cost efficiency frontiers. Then it indicates those activities on the frontier as optimal operations. While the activities under the frontier are considered as inefficient. Estimation of efficiency frontiers and comparing the position of each firm"s location to them is the main stage of analysis. Both econometric methods and linear Programming methods can be employed for this purpose. Data Envelope Analysis (DEA) is a particular linear Programming method where there is no special depency form. This paper intends to use the DEA method for the measurement of factor efficiency in 36 major universities in Iran. The study concludes that 14 of the institutions are found to be efficient under constant return to scale condition. while under a variable return to scale criteria there are 16 universities categorized as efficient. The average efficiency ratio is estimated as 0.808 under the first asumption, and it is 0.858 under the second asumption.

A social accounting matrix (SAM) was used as an analytical model to investigate the mutual effects of export expansion in agriculture and manufacturing sectors as well as the social and economic impacts of this policy on the Iranian economy. The effects of the above policies were analyzed within several scenarios including a 25 percent increase in exports of ag7-iculture and manufacturing products, a 50 percents rise in exports of horticulture products and a 25 percentrise in all other agricultural products, and a 1000 thousands Rials increase in the exports of agriculture and manufacturing products. The simulation results show that the policy emphasizing export promotion in agricultural sector comparing to the policy giving priority to the export of manufacturing products results in a faster economic growth in our country. Based on the results of this study, following the policy of agricultural export promotion, while causing growth of Iranian economic sectors, leads to a better income distribution in Iran. The results of the study reveal the fact that, because agricultural sector has a great interrelationship with the other economic sectors, it can play an important role in motivating overall economic activities in Iran.

This article intends to examine some theoretical viewpoints related to share values and prices in the stock market. In this context, the role of dividend policies, as well as the corelation of pricing theories and dividends in postulating the market prices are studied. Furthermore, the effects of promotion shares in the market, and the role of price anticipations and expected trends in the market in relation to either favorable or unfavorable developments are all discussed and analysed.