Environmental Sciences
Year:2007 | Volume:5 | Issue:1|Papers Count:9

Mazino coal deposit is situated on 85km west of Tabas, Yazd. Mazino is the biggest thermal coal deposit in Tabas coalfield in Central Iran. Coal-bearing strata in Tabas coalfield (as well as Mazino deposit) are within the Middle Jurassic formations. This sedimentation has been developed in alluvial plain and coastal environment in Tabas coalfield. The coal-bearing sediments in Mazino area are belong to Mazino (Hojadk) Formation (central Middle Jurassic). Mazino Formation mainly consists of sandstone, shale, and siltstone and carbonate rocks. Geological studies have shown that the coals of Mazino deposit are mainly anthracite to semi-anthracite and dominated by macerals of the vitrinite group with relatively low amounts of inertinite macerals, low volatile matters and 30 percent ash. The dominant mineral of these coals are pyrite, siderite, ankerite, calcite, gypsum, barite, illite and clays consisting of argillite, kaolinite and montmorilinite.There is a plan to build a coal-fired thermal powerplant in this area consuming about 2 Mt of coal per year. The present paper tries to discuss the envirnomental impacts of coal mining in this area.

Dreissena polymorpha (Zebra mussel) is a fresh water mollusk and native species of Caspian Sea area. These shells belong to filter feeder class and are able to filter a great volume of water. In this research, due to a wide range of materials available in urban wastewater efficiency of Dreissena polymorpha is studied to reduce concentration of Nitrate and Phosphate. The shell masses in 20, 40 and 60 g were put test for filtration tests and indirect absorption of nitrate and phosphate from artificial wastewater. These tests were performed in open system and were repeated 3-10 times depending on variance range. The results showed that there is a positive correlation between the weight of shell masses and the filtration rate of Nitrate and Phosphate in open system (R2 =0.99) and there is a negative correlation between concentration of Nitrate and Phosphate at the wastewater entry on one side and the filtration rate of nitrate and phosphate on the other side (R2=0.97) (t=2.132, P<0.023). It was found that when the weight of shell masses increase (from 20 to 40 to 60 g), the amount of Nitrate absorption is 0.08-0.2 mg.l-1 while Phosphate is absorbed 0.02-0.04 mg.l-1 in the open system. In this research it was found that Chlorella and Scenedesmus algae are able to reduce concentration of Nitrate (of at least 0.03 to 1.73 mg.l-1) and the Phosphate solved in waste water (of at least 0.42 to 4.48 mg.l-1).

In order to study the effect of Iranian zeolite application namely clinoptilolite in animal manure, on yield and yield component of sunflower under different irrigation regimes, an experiment was conducted during 2005- 2006 year, at Research Field of Tarbiat Modares University, Faculty of Agriculture, located at 16 KM Tehran-Karaj Highway, as spilt plot arrangement in randomize complete block design with four replications.Irrigation regimes including: irrigation after consuming 35% of available soil moisture (W1), irrigation after consuming 70% of available soil moisture (W1) that were randomized to the main plot units and subplots were different fertilizer treatments including: providing 100% N of plant requirement from urea chemical fertilizer (F1), providing 60% and 40% N plant requirement from urea chemical fertilizer and animal manure respectively (F2), providing 60% and 40% plant requirement N from urea chemical fertilizer and animal manure compost respectively accompany with zeolite in amount of 5% of animal manure weight (F3), providing 60% and 40% plant requirement N from urea chemical fertilizer and animal manure compost respectively accompany with zeolite in amount of 5% of animal manure weight (F4), providing 60% and 40% plant requirement N from urea chemical fertilizer and animal manure compost respectively accompany with zeolite in amount of 5% of animal manure weight (F5). Result showed that different irrigation regimes and fertilizer levels and their interactions significantly affected on grain yield, oil percent and yield, protein percent, 1000 seed weight, head diameter, grain number in head, final dry matter and leaf chlorophyll content at flowering stage. The highest grain yield was obtained from F4 and F5 treatments in W1 irrigation regime with of 2641.6 and 2602.4 kg/ha respectively. Therefore the best treatments in this experiment were W1F4 and W1F5.

A field study was conducted in 2004 to determine the effects of different concentrations of adjuvant (CITOGATE) on the efficiency of desmedipham+ chloridazon. The experimental design was randomized complete block design with factorial arrangement of treatments, and four replication. Factors included three herbicide doses (60, 80 and 100% of recommended dose) and four adjuvant concentrations (0, 15, 25, 35, ml/100L). Different traits including yield, yield component, biomass, weed biomass, sugar beet root length, leaf dry weight and sugar concentration were studied. The Highest grain yield, biomass, root length, and leaf dry weight were related to the complete dose of herbicide plus 35ml/100L adjuvant. The highest root diameter was achieved where sugar beet was treated with 80 and 100% of the chloridazon recommended dose plus 25ml/100l adjuvant.

Noise levels are increasing around the world, especially in the industrial societies. The noise pollution was an important environmental problem so for controlling and combat the noise pollution adopted some rules regulations and international attempt by states. This article attempts to explain the most important legal aspects of noise pollution. So in the first section we discuss about affects and legal definitions of noise pollution and in another sections we review Iranian and France legislations relating to control of noise pollution, finally refer to international law attempts in this scope such as intentional organizations documents and procedures.

In this survey, a study of hospital waste management in Tehran’s private hospitals has been conducted to assess separation, collection, storage, disposal and onsite and offsite transportation of such waste. 20 out of the 48 operating private hospitals have been selected for the study which was conducted using a questionnaire. Waste generation rate has been evaluated at 3.406 Kg per bed.All hospitals have been evaluated as having similar performance levels in waste separation which has been designated the score level of 100. Scores for waste transportation inside and outside the hospital premises have respectively been evaluated at having mean levels of 93.3 and 76.25. Temporary waste storage areas have gained the mean score value of 80.36 for alignment with environmental and health standards. None of the hospitals have adopted treatment technologies and Tehran municipality takes care of the collection and disposal of all hospital waste. Waste disposal is assessed as inefficient according to WHO standards. In this survey, hospital waste management practices have been evaluated as acceptable in areas of waste separation, collection, onsite transportation and temporary storage.Management practices in areas of offsite transportation and final disposal are barely acceptable or weak for reasons out of hospital’s control such as poor coordination between responsible parties and lack of proper standards and guidelines.

The habitats are the most basis of plants diversity and the study of habitats are the most important studies in the ecosystem. Qom province Due to ecotonical conditions (the connection between Zagros mountain ecosystem in west and south of province and central desert ecosystem in east of province, ecosystems and habitats diversity is high. this research has been carried out on the natural habitats and effected by human. The former Nature habiatats includes desertic, alpine and wetland zones and the later are includes the marginal of agricultural lands and Ruderal habitats. Moreover in the present survey diversity of plant habitats has been investigated in order to height, temperature and perception gradient. The different habitats by accessed with quadratic sampling in different habitat of province based on Braun-Blanquet. The highest diversity is includes Palang-darreh Valley (south west of province) and the lowest diversity is in relevant to Massileh plain (East of province).

Nowadays, the environment and its preservation are regarded as of such ethical and social value that their criminal protection is an indisputable necessity. In this regard, the shortcomings of tort law sanctions and the inefficiency of environmental administrative law measures reflect the mentioned necessity. However, the application of criminal law for environmental protection can not be free from any requirements and consideration. Choosing an appropriate approach to adopting criminal sanctions; recognition of the criminal responsibility for legal persons including corporations; and the establishment of modern and effective monitoring mechanisms are among the said requirements.