Contemporary Psychology
Year:2014 | Volume:9 | Issue:1|Papers Count:9

Comprehensiveness of the Five Factor/Big Five model of personality has always been under question. Recent lexical and statistical research in various languages and cultures has shown that the personality structure could be well explained by a six factor model. These six factors comprised the HEXACO model, and are Honesty-Humility, Emotionality, eXtraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness to Experience. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relations among the HEXACO model of personality, subjective well-being (SWB), and religious orientation. Also, the current research has addressed the question of how much religion’s relations to SWB indices (including happiness and life satisfaction) are due to personality factors.224 Iranian and 222 Polish volunteer college students, after providing the demographics, completed the HEXACO Personality Inventory (HEXACO-60), Religious Orientation Scale-Revised (ROS-R), Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS), and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SLS). Results showed that, within both the Iranian and the Polish context, religiosity was associated positively with the Honesty-Humility, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness factors. Honesty-Humility was the strongest personality correlate of religiosity. Also, within both contexts, eXtraversion was the strongest predictor of happiness and life satisfaction. Results also showed that the religiosity-SWB relation was positive, weak, and to some degree due to personality factors. This study introduced the HEXACO model of personality structure, as well as underlined the efficiency of this new model in predicting individual differences in two important areas of human life, religiosity and well-being.

Price elasticity in an indicator of price sensitivity and its psychological basis has largely been neglected. some scholars in consumer psychology show that advertising decreases price elasticity, while others found a positive relationship between advertising and price elasticity. We hypothesize that two psychological variables, namely set size (in memory) and relative strength of preference (constructed via discriminative stimulus) play a significant role in this relashionship.192 undergraduate psychology and educational sciences students participated in the experiment and purchased 12 brands in a mixed factorial design, with decision environment and advertising condition as between-subject factors. Shopping trips were used as a device for constructing decision environment (for treatment). Findings indicate that advertising affect price sensitivity through two routes, namely set size and relative strength of preference. It appears that the former increase price elasticity, wheras cues related to the latter that decrease price elasticity. This experiment offers a possible solution to the controversial dilemma of the role of advertising on price elasticity by suggesting a reconciliation between two competing theory. In the stimulus-based decision environment in which the effect of advertising on brand recall for consideration was neutralized, so advertising decrease price elasticity contrary to memory-based environment.

What is the role of couples’ attachment styles in marital relationships? What is the role of religious commitment in decreasing or increasing the quality of marital relationships among intact couples and couples with insecure attachment styles? In response to these questions, the present study was designed to investigate the moderating role of religious commitment on the relationship between avoidant and anxious attachment styles and marital intimacy. Participants were 150 married couples (150 males, 150 females) living in Shahrekord. All participants were asked to complete the Short-Form Experience in Close Relationships Scale (ECRS), Religious Commitment Inventory (RCI) and the Intimacy Scale (IS). The results showed that avoidant and anxious attachment styles were negatively associated with marital intimacy, and religious commitment was positively associated with marital intimacy. Moreover, results of moderating regression showed that religious commitment moderated the relationship between avoidant attachment style and marital intimacy, but it did not influence the relationship between anxious attachment style and marital intimacy. Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that religious commitment can affect the relationship between avoidant attachment style and marital intimacy; the extent of negative relationship between avoidant attachment style and marital intimacy is lower in men and women with higher religious commitment than those with lower religious commitment.

This research was conducted to examine the efficacy of the integrated model of self regulation-attachment couple therapy and marital enrichment program in marital satisfaction and psychological wellbeing of couples. For this purpose, 33 couples were selected from among couples who attended the counseling services centers in the City of Khoramabad. Eleven couples were then randomly assinged to each of self regulation-attachment couple therapy, marital enrichment programa or a control groups. Before the programs began, the questionnaires of Enriching and Nurturing Relationship Issues, Communication and Happiness (ENRICH), Golombok-Rust Inventory of marital state (GRIMS), and Mental Health Inventory-28 (MHI-28) were administered to all couples. Then couples of the experimental groups participated in integrated model of self regulation-attachment couple therapy (6-8 sessions) and marital enrichment program (6 sessions). The control group remained on the waiting list. After the completion of intervention programs, all couples completed the questionnaires again as posttest. Results of MANCOVA indicated that after the control of pretest effects, the differences between means of groups in composite dependent variable was significant, that represent the effect of group on linear combination of dependent variables. Results of ANOVA indicated that there were also significant differences between the means of groups in each of the dependent variables including marital problems, marital satisfaction, psychological well-being, and psychological distress. Moreover, the pairwise comparisons of least significant differences (LSD) also indicated that integrated model of self regulation-attachment couple therapy and marital enrichment program had significant differences in each of the dependent variables compared to the control group, but not compared to each other.

With regard to the potential role of cognitions on various human feelings and behaviors, this research was conducted with the aim of studying the role of cognitive attribution of stress in association between work overload with alienation and deviant behaviors. One hundred and sixty eight employees of an industrial organization participated in this research. All participants were asked to complete the researcher made job stress attribution questionnaire (AJSQ), work overload questionnaire (WOQ), alienation questionnaire (WAQ), and deviant behaviors questionnaire (DBQ). Results showed that there was not a significant relationship between deviant behaviors and work overload, work alienation, and job stress attribution. But there was a significant relationship between work overload and work alienation and job stress attribution. Results of hierarchical regression analysis revealed that attributing the stress to the organization was moderated by the relationship between work overload with work alienation. That is, when attributing stress to the organization is high, there is a negative relationship between work overload with work alienation, but when attributing the stress to the organization is low, there is a positive relationship between work overload with work alienation. Also attributing stress to self was moderated by the relationship between work overload with deviant behaviors. That is, when attributing stress to self is low, there is a positive relationship between work overload with deviant behaviors, but when attributing stress to self is high, there is a negative relationship between work overload with deviant behaviors.

The aim of this study was to examine factorial invariance of the 20-item Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-Farsi version (PANAS) among male and female university students. A total of 371 undergraduate students (183 males and 188 females) at Shahid Beheshti University completed the Farsi version of the PANAS. First, two-factor model consisted on positive and negative affect were applied to the total sample. Then, single group analysis showed an acceptable two-factor measurement model consisting of positive and negative affect for both male and female groups. Further, based on the one-factor model, results from multi-sample analysis revealed that the Farsi version of the PANAS has the property of sound factorial invariance across sexes, including invariance of measurement residuals, structural covariances and regression measurements. These findings emphasizing the group invariance of factorial structure of PANAS, indicate that PANAS measures a similar construct in these subsamples. The results revealed that the two factors of positive and negative affects in PANAS were perceived in the same manner across students in the two sex groups.

This research was conducted to examine the efficacy of emotion focused therapy on the severity of depression in patients with major depression. emotion focused therapy as a neo-humanistic approach, by integrating and up-to-dating person-centered, gestalt, and existential therapies, and focusing on emotional processing gathered a good deal of experimental supports abroad. In this single-case design, the efficacy of the mentioned therapy was examined on three participants (two women and one man) suffering from major depression. To evaluate the consistency of therapeutic effects, the findings were followed for two months. Depression and the severity of it, was assessed by using structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR (SCID) and Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), respectively. General remission percentage of this index was 77%. The findings suggest that emotion focused therapy has high efficacy on reducing the severity of depression. Two months follow up results indicated the consistency of patients’ remission during this period.