Journal of Family Research
Year:2011 | Volume:7 | Issue:2 (26)|Papers Count:16

Two different ages (15 and 18) have been defined by the Iranian Law as the minimum age for employment.Moreover, workers aged 15-18 have been referred to as 'adolescent workers' and special conditions have been set for their employment and work.However, there are some considerations in the Labor Act which challenges with regard to children's and adolescents' working.For example, articles 188, 191, and 189 of the Act provide grounds for the exemption of family workshops and businesses, workshops or firms with less than 10 employees, and certain activities in the agricultural sector from parts of the Act. The above mentioned exemptions, deprive many children and adolescents who are working in the private sector from their welfare rights since the majority of them are working in family businesses, small firms (mainly owned and managed by family members and relatives), and the agricultural sector.The present paper addresses this issue using a descriptive-analytical method, indicating relevant gaps in the country's legal system.

The main objective of the present study was to examine the relationship between three parenting styles including authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive on the with dimensions of perfectionism including self-oriented, other-oriented, and sociallly prescribed in a sample of Iranian families.Three hun-dred and forty two students (184 fem-ales, 156 males).from Tehran schools in sectors 8, 10, 11 and 19 in the academic year 2009- 2010 along with their parents (342 fathers, 342 mot-hers) were included in this study. Students and their parents were asked to complete the Tehran Multidimen-sional Perfectionism Scale (TMPS; Besharat, 2007) and Parental Autho-rity Questionnaire (PAQ; Buri, 1991), respectively.Analysis of the data involved both descriptive and inferential statistics including the mean, standard deviation, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and regression analysis. Results revealed that only father's authoritarian style was significantly associated with dimensions of perfectionism in children, and father's authoritative style predicted changes in children's otheroriented perfectionism. It can be concluded that authoritarian style of parenting effect on the development of children's perfectionistic characteristics.

Conceptualization of God in children and the role of attachment figures in genesis and the development of this concept have been investigated by psychologists, especially in recent decades.This study aimed to investigate the impact of experiencing loss on child’s perception of God, mother and father. In this casual-comparative study, a sample of 126 primary school students from Shiraz was selected through multistage stratified random sampling.Osgood’s Semantic Differential Scales were used for data collection.The results of the analysis of variance showed a significant difference between the children with the experience of parents’ divorce, parents’ death and children without a loss experience in the perception of God, perception of father, and loving characteristics of God, father and mother. Children with loss experience perceived God, father and mother with less loving characteristics.In the perception of God and loving characteristics of God, the difference between children with the experience of parents’ death and children without a loss experience was significant. In the perception of father and loving characteristics of father, there was a significant difference between children with the experience of parents’ divorce and children without a loss experience. These results are consistent with correspondence pattern of attachment to God which states that loss experience causes anxiety in child attachment especially, to father, and this would affect attachment to God.Therefore, the child perceives the lost parent and God with less loving characteristics.

The aim of the present research was to study the effectiveness of parent management training on family function in children with Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder. A single subject repeated measure design was used in the study. The population consisted of mothers who had children between 4 and 12 years of age with ADHD in Rofaide hospital. The sample group consisted of 14 mothers who volunteered to take parting in the study.The instruments included the Child Symptoms Inventory (CSI) & Family Assessment Device (FAD). Results showed the training, family functions were improved significantly. The present research confirmed the hypothesis that parent management training leads to increased and facilitated family functions in the family of children with ADHD.

The aim of this survey is to look into the alteration of marriage criteria in three successive generations among the people of Kaboodan village in the city of Qaen. It seeks to investigate not only the changes in the criteria but also the reasons and causes of such alterations.The study is qualitative in nature in which extensive interviews and observing participants were used.The method used for data analysis was of grounded theory as an expository apriority method on the basic of data codification.Findings included 8 major categoryies, namely, decrease in kinfolk, coercion versus liberty, elements of renovation (modern education, public media, commuting to towns and cities) welfare, imitating non-native cultures, growth of education, increase of knowledge, disfiguration of families, and the core category of "relative replacement". The present theory is offered within a ground model including three factors of circumstances, interactions and consequences.

Housework, its determinants and the outcomes of household labor division came into the focus of research in 1990s. While the number of women who work outside the house is significantly increasing, they still have the responsibility of housekeeping and child rearing.This research aims to study household labor division and its determining factors, the perceived fairness of household labor division, and their impact on marital satisfaction.The statistical population of this study included all employed married women and housewives in Kamyaran, Kordestan Province, Iran. A group of 162 employed married women was selected through convenient sampling method, and 150 housewives through multi-cluster sampling method. A series of statistical analyses including Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, partial correlation and regression analysis was used to study the relationship between the variables.According to the results of the research, in women, there is a positive, but weak, relationship between household labor and marital satisfaction, but the relationship between perceived fairness of household labor and marital satisfaction is a stronger one.According to the model extracted from regression analysis, 16.9 percent of the variance of marital satisfaction can be accounted for by perceived fairness and 5.5 percent of the variance of household labor division can be explained by the work hours and husband’s education variables.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the role of psychological personality characteristics of maladjusted spouses in Iran (Esfahan) and Canada (Toronto) in marital adjustment.The sample included males and females who referred to counseling centers in Esfahan and Toronto, 137 and 71 respectively, using convenience sampling.Research instruments were Spanier’s marital adjustment questionnaire and seven subscales of MMPI-2 including depression, thought confusion, subjective boredom, familial maladjustment, paranoia thought, affective alienation and familial problems. Data were analyzed with the use of Pearson’s correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis. In the Iranian group, results showed that there are negative significant relations between psychological-personality characteristics and marital adjustment (P<0.01).In the Canadian group, there are negative significant relations between depression, thought confusion, subjective boredom, familial maladjustment and familial problems with marital adjustment (P<0.05 and P<0.01). The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that in the Iranian group, familial maladjustment and paranoid thoughts have the predictive power for the prediction of marital adjustment.However, in the Canadian sample group, only familial maladjustment exhibited such a predictive power.

The aim of this research is to study the outcomes of emotional divorce and strategies to deal with it, and is fulfilled by the method of grounded theory. The data were gathered through in-depth interviews with 20 women who visited one of the counseling centers in Tehran, and are analyzed by theoretical coding.In these interviews, women expressed their and their children’s exposure to emotional pressures and problems as the outcomes of the emotional divorce.They followed different strategies confronting emotional divorce; three types of strategies can be distinguished based on women’s goals: relationship- centered, self-centered and child-centered. The relationship centered strategies are aimed to modify and improve marital relationship; the self-centered strategies are adopted for self detection and as an attempt to improve personal life; and the goal of child-centered strategies is to improve children’s conditions in different respects. Women’s strategies can also be distinguished based on their effects on marital relationship; we can divide them into positive, negative, and neutral strategies. Overall, the relationship-centered strategies are positive or neutral strategies; self-centered and child-centered strategies are negative or neutral strategies.Findings show that women’s strategies are different and in some cases opposite, so if we are to treat emotional divorce, we should pay attention to the differences, and we cannot depend on the same treatment for different families.